RESOURCESRussian article on the Umawi military system (Palestinskii sbornik,
67, no. 4 [1959]: 112-32) has been published by M. Canard in Arabica
7 (1960): 219-21. One should also consult A. 'Awn's al-Fann al-
lJarbt {t ~adr ai-Islam (Cairo, 1961), and the articles in the Encyclo-
paedia of Islam by S. El-Ali, "'ArH," EI(2) I: 629-30; C. Cahen,
"Djaysh," EI(2), II 504-9; D. Sourdel, "Djund," EI(2), II: 601-2;
F. Lekkegaard, "Ghanima," EI(2), II: 1005-6; and M. Khadduri et
aI., "l:Iarb," EI(2), Ill: 180-98. For examples of the employment of
military slaves in early Muslim armies, see D. Ayalon's "Preliminary
Remarks on the Mamluk Military Institution in Islam," in War, Tech-
nology and Society in the Middle East, ed. Parry and Yapp (London,
1975), pp. 44-58, and D. Pipes, Slave Soldiers and Islam: The Genesis
of a Military System (New Haven, 1981). The best treatments of the
Muslim military review are C. E. Bosworth's articles on "Isti'rac;l,"
EI(2), IV: 265-69, and on "Recruitment, Muster and Review in Me-
dieval Islamic Armies," in War, Technology and Society, pp. 59-77.
The main document from the Sasanian bureaucratic tradition is a
reference work for administrative secretaries called the Frahang-i Pah-
lavik, which lists Aramaic logograms with their Middle Persian equiv-
alents. The form of this text which survives is probably from the early
eighth century. This text was edited by H. Junker as The Frahang i
Pahlavik (Heidelberg, 1912); he also published a German translation,
Das Frahang i Pahlavtk in zeichengemasser Anordnung (Leipzig, 1955).
There is also a German translation with suggested Akkadian etymol-
ogies for the Aramaic terms published by E. Ebeling as "Das Ara-
maisch-Mittel-Persische Glossar Frahang-i-Pahlavik im Lichte der As-
syriologischen Forschung," Mitteilungen der Altorientalischen
Gesellschaft 14 (1941): 1-114.
Arabic literature on bureaucrats and their duties is fairly extensive.
The essay of al-Jal?i~ concerning the responsibilities of bureaucrats,
"Dhamma al-kuttab," is translated into French by C. Pellat in "Une
charge contre les secretaires d'etat, attribuee a Gal?i~," Hesperis 43
(1956): 29-50. Ibn Qutayba's Adab al-katib (Cairo, 1300/1882, 1963;
Leiden, 1900; Tanta, 1328/1910) is a handbook of major importance.
There is also a section on secretaryship and official correspondence in
vo!. IV, pp. 155ff. of Ibn 'Abd Rabbihi's al-'Jqd al-fartd (Cairo, 1367-
68/1948-49). The Kitab al-wuzarii' wa-I-kuttab of Mul?ammad ibn
'Abdiis al-Jahshiyari (d. 942) is a chronological account of officials
who served as secretaries during the reign of each Muslim ruler and
is very useful for the early period. It is published in facsimile by H. von