RESOURCESMfik in Bibliothek arabischer Historiker und Geographen, I (Leipzig,
1926). The first part is translated into German by J. Latz as Das Buch
der Wezire und Staatssekretare von Ibn 'Abdus al-GahsiYiirt. Anfange
und Umaiyenzeit (Bonn, 1958). The encyclopedia of sciences called
Mafiiti/; al-'ulum (Leiden, 1895; Cairo, 1342/1923-24), completed
in about 977 by Abii 'Abdullah MuQ.ammad ibn AQ.mad al-Khwarizmi:
(d. 3871997) who was employed in the S~mani: administration in Buk-
hara, contains a section on bureaucratic terminology that has been
translated by C. E. Bosworth in "Abii 'Abdallah al-Khwarazmi: on
the Technical Terms of the Secretary's Art," jESHG 12 (1969): 113-
64.
Some of the circumstances and issues concerning early Islamic bu-
reaucratic administration are treated in M. Sprengling's vitriolic ar-
ticle, "From Persian to Arabic," AjSLL 56 (1939): 175-224, 325-
- M. Mu'id Khan's "The Literary and Social Role of the Arab
Amanuenses," le 26 (1952): 180-203, deals with the mechanics of
the early correspondence department, the development of Arabic lit-
erary style, and technical terms; but the details are somewhat mis-
leading and he tends to be apologetic. Lists of individuals who held
various administrative posts can be found in D. Biddle's, "The De-
velopment of the Bureaucracy of the Islamic Empire during the Late
Umayyad and Early Abbasid Period" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Texas,
1972). The best treatments to date of the emergence and nature of the
position of wiiztrare those of S. D. Goitein, "The Origin of the Vi-
zierate and Its True Character," IC 16 (1942): 255-62,380-92, and
"On the Origin of the Term vizier," JAGS 81 (1961): 425-26, both
of which are reprinted in his Studies in Islamic History and Institutions
(Leiden, 1968), pp. 168-96, and of D. Sourdel in Le vizirat 'abbiiside
de 749 it 936 (Damascus, 1959-60).
The best treatment of the Sasanian office of chamberlain based on
Middle Persian inscriptions is M. Chaumont's "Chiliarque et Curo-
palate a la cour des Sassanides," Iranica Antiqua 10 (1973): 139-65.
For proper comparisons one must know how Sasanian and Byzantine
chamberlains differed; this may be discovered in A. Boak and J. Dun-
lap's Two Studies in Later Roman and Byzantine Administration (New
York, 1924), which is about the Master of Offices and the Grand
Chamberlain. For chamberlains at Islamic courts, see D. Sourdel, et
al., "1:Iadjib," EI(2), Ill: 45-49. The Kitiib al-lfujjiib of al-JaQ.i~ lists
persons who held this position and describes their duties; it is included
in the Rasii'i/ al-jii/;i?,-, ed. Harun (Cairo, 1964), 11: 29-85. The later