RESOURCEStend to be treated as nationalities. For instance, I. Lichtenstader's
"From Particularism to Unity: Race, Nationality and Minorities in the
Early Islamic Empire," IC 23 (1949): 251-80, suffers from retrojecting
modern nationalist issues of race and minorities onto early Islamic
history. A. Miquel's La geographie humaine du monde musulman
jusqu'a milieu du lle siecle: Geographie et geographie humaine dans
la litterature arabe des origines Cl 1050 (Paris, 1967) covers a broader
region than Iraq over a longer period of time.
Virtually no literature is devoted to the Aramaic-speaking popula-
tion in Iraq as such, although this population is covered extensively
in the literature on Jews, Christians, and Mandaeans. Otherwise there
is scholarship on the languages themselves. T. Noldeke's, "Die Namen
der aramaischen Nation und Sprache," ZDMG 25 (1871): 113-31,
has served to define this subject for over a century. F. Nau's "L'Ara-
meen chretien (syriaque). Les traductions faits du grec en syriaque du
VIle siecle," RHR 99 (1929): 232-87, notes one of the uses to which
Syriac was being put in the seventh century. J. M. Fiey's "Les com-
munautes syriaques en Iran des premiers siecles a 1552," Acta Iranica
3 (1974): 279-97, reprinted as Communautes syriaques en Iran et
Irak des origins a 1552 (London, 1979), is a brief survey which tends
to concentrate on Syriac-speakers as an intrusive "western" element
rather than as part of the native population. For the possibility that
the Arabic orthography of place-names may reflect contemporary Ar-
amaic pronunciation, see A. Martinet, "La palatalisation 'spontanee'
de G en arabe," Bull. de la Soc. de Ling. 54 (1959): 90-102. For an
argument against such influences on pronunciation, see, W. Cowan,
"Sound Change in Central Asian Arabic," Der Islam 43 (1967): 34-
38.
Persians
Literature specifically on Iranians in Iraq is as sparse as that on
Aramaeans. The chapter on Persians is based on the author's article
on "The Effects of the Muslim Conquest on the Persian Population
of Iraq," Iran 14 (1976): 41-59. The best treatment of the linguistic
situation is that of G. Lazard, La langue des plus anciens monuments
de la prose persane (Paris, 1963), and hjs "Pahlavi, Piirsi, Dari: Les
langues de l'Iran d'apres Ibn al-Muqaffa'," in Iran and Islam; ed.
C. E. Bosworth (Edinburgh, 1971), pp. 361-91. The standard refer-
ence for Iranian names is still F. Justi's Iranisches Namenbuch (Mar-
burg, 1895), but it should be supplemented by reference to articles