RESOURCESTimes (London, 1979) is a recent survey which takes account of po-
litical history and tribal migrations along with religious issues.
For the Arab presence in Sasanian Iraq, it is useful to go back to
the kingdom of Hatra in upper Iraq in the second and third centuries.
One can consult the articles of A. Maricq, "Hatra de Sanatrouq,"
Syria 32 (1955): 273-88; andJ. Teixidor's "Notes hatreennes," Syria
41 (1964): 273-84; 43 (1966): 91-97, and "The Kingdom of Adi-
abene and Hatra," Berytus 17 (1967-68): 1-12. F. Safar's articles on
"Inscriptions of Hatra," Sumer 9 (1953): 7-20; 17 (1961): 9-35; 18
(1962): 21-64; 21 (1965): 31-43; and 24 (1968): 3-36, culminate
in his article on "The Lords and Kings of Hatra," Sumer 29 (1973):
87-98, and his book al-Haqar madtnat ash-shams (Baghdad, 1974).
The third to fifth centuries in central Iraq and adjacent parts of
northern Arabia are covered by S. Krauss in "Talmudische Nach-
richten iiber Arabien," ZDMG 70 (1916): 325-53, and E. 1. Szad-
zunski's "Addenda to Krauss," A]SLL 49 (1932-33): 336-37. Sa-
sanian-Arab relations in the fourth century are treated by F. Altheim
and R. Stiehl in "Sapor II und die Araber," in Die Araber in der alten
Welt, II: 344-56. The first volume of 'r. Shahid's forthcoming By-
zantium and the Arabs will also deal with the fourth century.
The classic statement of Arab involvement in the conflicts between
the Sasanians and the Byzantines at the end of Late Antiquity is
R. Devreese's "Arabes-Perses et Arabes-Romains. Lakhmides et Ghas-
sanides," Vivre et Penser, 2nd ser., (Paris, 1942), pp. 263-307. Alt-
heim and Stiehl's "Mohammeds Geburtsjahre," La Nouvelle Clio 7-
9 (1955-57): 113-22, contains a sketch of the extension of Sasanian
power in Arabia in the sixth century. These relationships are also
treated by N. Pigulevskaja in Araby u granits Vizantii i lrana v lV-
VII vv (Moscow and Leningrad, 1964).
For the pre-Islamic Arab kingdoms themselves, one can consult the
ansiib al-'Arab section of Ibn Qutayba's Kitiib al-ma'iirif. His account
of the kings of Hira was published on pages 178 to 203 of J. Eichhorn's
Monumenta Antiquissimae Historiae Arabum (Gotha, 1775). The
standard account of the Banii Lakhm is still G. Rothstein's Die Dy-
nastie der La!Jmiden in al-Ijtra (Berlin, 1899), but additional infor-
mation on social conditions in Hira can be found in J. Horovitz, "'Adi
Ibn Zeyd-The Poet of Hira," lC 4 (1930): 31-69; Y. R. Ghanlma,
al-Hira, al-madtna wa'l-mamlaka al-'arabiyya (Baghdad, 1936);
M. 'All, "Tanqlbat fi-l-I:Ilra," Sumer 2 (1946): 29-32; M. J. Kister,
"Al-I:Ilra: Some Notes on Its Relations with Arabia," Arabica 15