RESOURCESof Iraq" (Ph.D. diss., Princeton Univ., 1975), and J. Jiidah, al-'Arab
wa-l-arg. {i-I-'Iraq fi $adri-l-Islam (Amman, 1979). Studies of Arab
settlement in Iraq following the Muslim conquest tend naturally to be
focused on their major concentrations in the garrison cities they founded.
However, many of the issues of urban topography, social organization,
and migration were defined in three early articles by L. Massignon,
one on al-Mada'in called "Salman Pak et les premices spirituelles de
l'Islam iranien," Soc. etudes iraniennes, no. 7 (Paris, 1934); one on
Kufa called "Explication du plan de KUfa (Irak)," in Melanges Mas-
pero 3 (1940): 337-61, and in his Opera Minora (Beirut, 1963), Ill:
35-60; and one on Basra called "Explication du plan de Ba!?ra (Irak),"
in Westostliche Abhandlungen: Rudolf Tschudi zum 70. Geburtstag,
ed. F. Meier (Wiesbaden, 1954), pp. 154-74. Unfortunately all three
articles are unreliable, diffuse, and imaginative. Massignon's claims
are unsupported by the passages he cites-which sometimes have noth-
ing to do with the subject at hand or contain contrary information-
more often than charity would allow. These articles should not be
used without checking Massignon's references.
A more reliable picture of early Basra is provided by C. Pellat's Le
milieu ba$rien et la formation de Ga~iz (Paris, 1953), and by S. El-
'Ali's "Khi!a! al-Ba!?ra," Sumer 8 (1952): 72-83, 281-302, and his
at-Tanztmat al-ijtima zya wa-l-iqti$adtya {i-l-Ba$ra {i-l-qarn al-awwal
min al-hijra (Baghdad, 1953). For early Kufa, see K. al-Janabi, Takhtit
madtnat al-Kiifa (Baghdad, 1967), and M. H. az-Zabidi, al-Hayah al-
ijtima zya wa-I-iqti$adiyya {i-l-Kiifa {i-l-qarn al-awwal al-hijrt (Cairo,
1970). M. Hinds, "Kufan Political Alignments and Their Background
in Mid-Seventh Century A.D.," I]MES 2 (1971): 346-67, and H. Djalt,
"Les Yamanites a Kiifa au 1er siecle de l'hegire," ]ESHO 19 (1976):
148-81, treat Kufan social conflicts in the seventh century in terms
of tribal identities and Islamic priority, but neither gives adequate
attention to the economic roots of such conflicts. The listing of Iraqi
ashraf with short biographical sketches which often trace families over
three generations in P. Crone's Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of
the Islamic Polity (New York, 1980), pp. 109-23, is incomplete but
useful nevertheless.
Arabs: Assimilation and Social Change
One of the first to argue for mutual assimilation between Arab
conquerors and the native population instead of the replacement of
one population by the other was A. Poliak in "L' Arabisation de l'orient
semitique," REI 12 (1938): 35-63. This issue is put in terms of the