RESOURCESV: 567-71; S. Eppenstein's Beitrage zur Geschichte und Literature im
gaonaischen Zeitalter (Berlin, 1913); and Tykocinski's Die gao-
naischen Verordnungen (Berlin, 1929). The background of Rabbinic
legal and social authority is discussed by S. Zucrow in Adjustment of
Law to Life in Rabbinic Literature (Boston, 1928), and Women, Slaves
and the Ignorant in Rabbinic Literature (Boston, 1932). The rela-
tionship of rabbis to political authority is treated by D. Daube in
Collaboration with Tyranny in Rabbinic Law (Oxford, 1965). The
economic situation of scholars is investigated in the Hebrew works of
M. Beer, "Were the Babylonian Amoraim Exempt from Taxes and
Customs?" Tarbiz 33 (1964): 248-58, with an English summary on
pages iii-iv, and Amora'e Bavel (Ramat-Gan, 1974).
Entry to the older literature on Rabbinic education is provided by
Y. S. Zuri's Toldot Darkht Hallimmud Bishivot Darom, Galil, Sura,
Venehardi'a Gerusalem, 1914), and W. Bacher's Tradition und Tra-
denten in den Schulen Palastinas und Babyloniens (Leipzig, 1914).
More recent works include B. Gerhardsson's Memory and Manuscript:
Oral Tradition and Written Transmission in Rabbinic ]udaism and
Early Christianity (Copenhagen, 1964); M. Aberbach, "The Relation. between Master and Disciple in the Talmudic Age," in Essays Pre-
sented to Chief Rabbi Israel Brodie, ed. H. J. Zimnels et al. (London,
1967), pp. 1-24; and S. Safrai, "Elementary Education: Its Religious
and Social Significance in the Talmudic Period," Cahiers d'histoire
mondiale 11 (1968): 148-69. D. Goodblatt's Rabbinic Instruction in
Sasanian Babylonia (Leiden, 1975) is an extreme (and controversial)
critique of traditional interpretations based on a close textual analysis
of Talmudic vocabulary.
For Messianic expectations and alternatives to Rabbinic authority,
one can start with M. Buttenwieser, "Messiah," ]E, VIII: 505-12;
L. Ginzberg, "Elijah," ]E, V: 121-27; and M. Seligsohn, "Elijah in
Mohammedan Literature," ]E, V: 127. The incorporation of events at
the end of Sasanian rule into Jewish eschatology is indicated in 1. Levi,
"L'Apocalypse de Zorobabel et le roi de Perse Siroes," RE] 68 (1911):
129-50; 69 (1919): 108-21; 71 (1920): 57-65. Apocalyptic literature
from the early Islamic period is surveyed in the second chapter of
H. Silver, A History of Messianic Speculation in Israel (New York,
1927), pp. 36-57. Two such texts were published by Yehuda ibn
Shemuel (Kaufmann), Medreshe Ge'ulla Qerusalem and Tel Aviv, 1953):
the Book of Elijah (Sefer Eliyiihu) composed just before the Muslim
conquest, pp. 31-48, and the Secrets of R. b. YOQay (Nistiiret shel