ADMINISTRATIONIn 657 'All found it necessary to have the tribal leaders at Kufa (Ar.
ashraf> register the fighting men, their sons of fighting age, the mawalt,
and the slaves of their clans. lOO
About a decade later, when he was governor, Ziyad made significant
changes in the military organization, reduced the power of the ashraf,
centralized the military administration, and neutralized the tribal units
by combining mutually hostile groups into new divisions of roughly
equal size (five at Basra and four at Kufa) to replace the original seven
divisions. The ashraf were replaced by officials (Ar. sg. 'artf or naqtb)
who were appointed or confirmed by the governor. They were put in
charge of the new divisions and were responsible for making up the
lists of fighting men, distributing pensions and salaries, collecting t.axes
(Ar. §adaqa) from them, administering the property of orphans, and
identifying suspects. They were also responsible for the good behavior
of their units.lOl
Thus, there appear to have been at least two important differences
between the Sasanian military register and the Islamic military dtwan.
First, there is no indication that the Sasanian register was organized
along tribal lines or used to maintain order and discipline in a tribally
organized military population as at Basra and Kufa. Ziyad's use of
the dtwan and its officers as an instrument of social control seems to
have been an original adaptation of the possibilities contained in the
Sasanian system.
Secondly, the amounts of the stipends and the ratio between cavalry
and infantry distributed by the Islamic dtwan seem to be quite different
from those quoted for the Sasanian system in Arabic literature. The-
oretically, a Sasanian cavalryman could receive up to forty times as
much as an infantryman, although in the divisions of booty a Muslim
cavalryman was supposed to receive only twice the share of an infan-
tryman.^102 But the discrepancy between the stipends given by the Iraqi
dtwans to the veterans of the early campaigns and the tribal leaders
and the stipends given to later settlers and average tribesmen could
be as much as eight or twelve to one and gave an economic dimension
to the social distances among them. Still, the range of difference seems
100 Tabari, Ta'rlkh, I, 3371-72.
101Ibn 'Abd Rabbihi, 'Iqd, V, 8: Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqiit, VI, 63; H. Lammens, Etudes
sur le siecle des Omayyades (Beirut, 1930), pp. 91-92, 128-29; idem, "Ziad," pp. 220,
659, 660; Tabari, Ta'rlkh, n, 79, 242.
102 M. Khadduri, The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybiinl's Siyar (Baltimore, 1966),
pp. 84, 106-107. According to Abii Yiisuf (Kharii;, pp. 27, 29) a cavalryman's share
of booty should be three times that of an infantryman.