RESOURCESA. K. Kazi et aL in "The Kharijites and the Murji'ites from Shahras-
tani's Kitab AI-Milal Wa'l-Ni}:lal," Abr-Nahrain 10 (1970-71): 49-
75.
Scholarship on the Khawarij starts with R. E. Brunnow's Die Cha-
ridschiten unter den ersten Omayyaden (Leiden, 1884). Since then one
should see J. Thomson's "Kharijitism and the Kharijites," in The
MacDonald Presentation Volume (Princeton and London, 1933), pp.
373-89, and F. Gabrieli, "Sulle origini del movimento ljarigita," Rend.
Linc. 6 (1941): 110-17. See also the articles in EI(l) by G. Levi Della
Vida on "Kharidjites," 11: 904-8, and "Mirdas b. Udaiya," Ill: 514-
15; and by K. V. Zettersteen, "Shabib b. Yazid b. Nu'aim al-Shai-
bani," IV: 243-44; and in EI(2) by R. Rubinacci on "Azarii.<a," I:
810-11; L. Veccia Vaglieri,"I:Iariira'," Ill: 235-36; T. Lewicki, "al-
Iba~iyya," Ill: 648-60; and G. Levi Della Vida, "KhariQjites," IV:
1074-77. The early Iba~is are also treated by R. Rubinacci in "Califfo
'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan e gli Ibaditi," AION 5 (1953): 99-121,
and by 'A. K. Ennami, "Studies in Ibadism" (Ph.D. diss., Cambridge
Univ., 1971). There is a general survey by 'U. Abii-n-Na~r called al-
Khawiirij (i-I-Islam (Beirut, 1956). E. A. Salim's The Political Theory
and Institutions of the Khawiirij (Baltimore, 1956) is the only work
of its kind, but his institutional treatment tends to minimize historical
change and development. More recently G. R. Hawting has suggested
in "The significance of the slogan lii ~ukma illii lilliih and the references
to the ~udiid in the traditions about the Fitna and the murder of
'Uthman," BSOAS 41 (1978): 453-63, that the argument was "really"
over religious authority and scripture as the source of law. Adducing
the Jewish parallel of Karaites vs. the Oral Law, he sees the Khawarij
as scripturalists without any reference to their social or economic
circumstances.
Neutralist attitudes tend to be related to the murji'z doctrinal po-
sition although people who are said to have held that position are
sometimes found among rebels during the Marwani period. For the
earlier view see A. J. Wensinck's "MurQii'a," EI(l), Ill: 734-35. Mur-
ji'i expressions survive mainly in doctrinal works from the 'Abbasi
period. J. Schacht analyzed one by Abii Muqatil as-Samarqandi (d.
208/823) in "An Early Murci'ite Treatise: The Kitab al-'Alim wal-
Muta'allim," Oriens 17 (1964): 96-117. On murji'z doctrine among
the I:Ianafis, see W. Madelung's "Early Sunni Doctrine Concerning
Faith as Reflected in the Kitab al-Iman of Abii 'Ubayd al-Qasim b.
Sallam (d. 224/839)," SI 32 (1970): 233-54, and J. M. Pessagno, "The