RESOURCESMurji'a, Iman and Abii. 'Ubayd," JAOS 95 (1975): 382-94. There is
also a work on irja' attributed to MUQammad ibn al-I:Janafiyya which
would come from the early Marwani period if it is what it purports
to be. On this work see J. van Ess, "Das Kitab al-irga' des I:Jasan b.
MUQammad b. al-l:Ianafiyya," Arabica 21 (1974): 20-52, and his
"Nachtriige," Arabica 22 (1975): 48-51.
Early expressions on the issue of qadar are found in letters ascribed
to al-I:Jasan al-Ba~ri and 'Umar n. The letter of al-I:Jasan to 'Abd al-
Malik was published on pages 67 to 83 of H. Ritter's "Studien der
Geschichte der islamischen Frommigkeit: I. I:Jasan al-Ba~ri," Der Islam
21 (1933): 1-83. There are English translations by J. Obermann in
"Political Theology in Early Islam: l:Iasan al-Ba~ri's Treatise on Qadar,"
JAOS 40 (1935): 138-62, and by M. Schwarz in "The Letter of al-
I:Jasan al-Ba~ri," Oriens 20 (1967): 15-30. J. van Ess published an
English translation of the letter of 'Umar 11 in "Umar 11 and His Epistle
Against the Qadariya," Abr Nahrain 12 (1971-72): 19-26, and the
Arabic text with a German translation and commentary in his Anfange
muslimischen Theologie: Zwei antiqadaritische Traktate aus dem er-
sten Jahrhundert der Higra (Beirut, 1977), pp. 43-54 (Arabic), and
pp. '113-76. It also includes a text ascribed to al-I:Jasan ibn MUQam-
mad ibn al-I:Janafiyya, pp. 1-112, 11-37 (Arabic), and a section on
Ghaylan ad-Dimashqi, pp. 177-245. For a critique of the views of
van Ess, see J. Wansbrough's review in BSOAS, 43 (1980): 361-63.
The issue of qadar has tended to be discussed by modern Western
scholars with borrowed Calvinist terminology that goes back to com-
parisons made in the seventeenth century. This trend seems to have
been picked up in A. Guillaume's "Free Will and Predestination in
Islam," JRAS (1924): 42-63; D. B. Macdonald's "~adariya," EI(1),
II: 605-6; and W. Thomson's "The Conception of Human Destiny
in Islam," MW 35 (1945): 281-99. W. Montgomery Watt took issue
with the explanation by Wensinck (and others) of this question in
terms of "outside influences" in Free Will and Predestination in Early
Islam (London, 1948), where he argued for its internal Islamic gen-
eration. More recently this issue has been treated in philosophical
terms by L. Gardet in Dieu et la destinee de l'homme (Paris, 1967).
New dimensions to this subject relating it to the Marwani period were
introduced by J. van Ess in "Les Qadarites et la Gailiiniya de Yazid
Ill," SI 31 (1970): 269-86; in his article on the proto-Qadari "Ma'bad
al-Guhani," in Islamwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen: Fritz Meier zum
sechzigsten Geburtstag, ed. R. Gramlich (Wiesbaden, 1974), pp. 49-