RESOURCES77; and in his Zwischen Hadtt und Theologie. Studien zum Entstehen
pradestinatianischer Uberlieferung (Berlin, 1975). See also his "~a
dariyya," EI(2), IV: 368-72. For the shift in this issue towards the
middle of the eighth century and the introduction of atomism, see
A. Subhan, "AI-Jahm Bin Safwan and His Philosophy," IC 11 (1937):
221-27; R. M. Frank, "The Neoplatonism of Jahm ibn Safwan," Le
Museon 78 (1965): 395-424; and J. van Ess, "Dirar b. 'Amr und die
'Cahmlya': Biographie einer vergessenen Schule," Der Islam 43 (1967):
241-79; 44 (1968): 1-70,318-20.
Authentic early ShI'I expressions are hard to find but one can start
with poetry. The dtwiin attributed to 'All's Basran protege Abii 1-
Aswad ad-Du'all (d. 69/688-89), which is full of praise of 'All, is
published on pages 5 to 51 of M. H. Al Yasln's Nawiidir al-makhWltiit,
11 (Baghdad, 1373/1954). For a brief biography see J. W. Fiick, "Abu
'l-Aswad al-Du'all," EI(2), I: 106-7. We are on firmer ground with
the Hiishimiyyiit of al-Kumayt ibn Zayd al-AsadI (d. 126/743), which
was edited and translated by J. Horovitz (Leiden, 1904). There is also
a Cairo edition (1950). K. Miiller has studied some seventy passages
attributed to Kumayt which are not included in the Hiishimiyyiit in
her Kritische Untersuchungen zum Diwan des Kumait b. Zaid (Frei-
burg im Briesgau, 1979). For this period see also C. van Arendonk,
"Kuthaiyir," EI(l), 11: 1170.
Kumayt's ideas were also expressed in prose in his Rawdah al-
mukhtarah, ed. S. CA. a~-Salil~ (Beirut, 139211972). Abii Mikhnaf's
Maqtal al-Husayn was translated into German by F. Wiistenfeld as
Der Tod des Ijusein Ben 'Altund die Rache (Gottingen, 1883). Among
other works attributed to Abii Mikhnaf are a Kitiib strat al-Mukhtiir
(Chester Beatty Ms. no. 5274) and a Kitiib Akhbiir al-Mukhtiir wa
Ibn Ziyiid (Tiibingen, Or. Sprenger Ms. no. 160). Speeches and letters
attributed to 'All appear to have been preserved and collected in the
eighth century and were edited by the Sharif ar-RadI as the Nahj al-
baliigha in about 40311012-13. This work survives embedded in the
multivolume SharlJ Nahj al-baliigha (Cairo, 1959-64) of Ibn AbI 1-
I:Iadld (d. 1257-58), which purports to contain "documents" relating
to everyone-relative, friend, and foe-concerned with 'All. This ma-
terial deserves a critical sifting; except for J. Sultan's Etude sur Nahj
al-baliigha (Paris, 1940), this remains to be done. For sources relating
to early Shi'i law see F. Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums,
I: 524-85.
For the rest we appear to be left with the {iraq literature. One of