ADMINISTRATIONDamascus. According to the story, Mu'awiya had sent 'Amr ibn az-
Zubayr to Ziyad with a draft for one hundred thousand dirhams, but
the document had been issued without being sealed, so 'Amr changed
the one hundred to two hundred. The discrepancy was noticed when
Ziyad presented his accounts to Mu'awiya, who protected himself
thereafter by setting up a dfwiin al-khiitam and by putting a qiitjf in
charge of it. Whenever a document was issued with the caliph's sig-
nature, it was taken to this department where a copy was registered.
The original was tied in a roll, sealed with wax, and stamped with
the seal of the head of the dtwiin. Thus the contents of the documents
were kept secret and could not be changed.^145
Although some of the same administrative practices may be found
at Madina and Damascus in this period, the adoption of the full scale,
integrated, fourfold Sasanian bureaucratic system for Islamic admin-
istration was accomplished at Basra and is closely associated with the
career of Ziyad. Income from tribute and taxes was organized through
the department of finance; expenditure was organized through what
was at first a military roll; correspondence was organized by means
of a separate secretarial staff; and the authentication of documents
for the first three departments was organized by means of a department
of registration and sealing. This system followed Sasanian patterns of
administration and theories of government. First developed by early
Islamic governors in Iraq, it spread to the rest of the Islamic empire
and served as the basic framework around which subsequent Islamic
administrative forms were built.
State Property
The administration of state property was not part of this fourfold
system. The domain lands of both the Byzantines and Sasanians were
administered separately by royal officials. In the Sasanian system they
provided income and products for the support of the royal family, the
palace institution, and members of the ruler's retinue through pa-
tronage. This income was separate from the land tax, which was
intended for support of the army and administration. Royal workshops
produced luxuries for the palace and court while state lands were kept
on their own register and sometimes amounted to entire administrative
districts. They were either administered by a royal official (N.P. us-
tiindiir); were assigned to members of the royal family as appanages,
145 Ibn Tabataba, Fakhrt, p. 107; Jahshiyari, Wuzara', p. 21; Tabari, Ta'rfkh, Il, 205-
6; Tha'alibi, Lafa'if, p. 16.