Calendars in Antiquity. Empires, States, and Societies

Contents

List of Tables ix

Introduction 1

PART I. FROM CITY STATES TO GREAT EMPIRES:

THERISEOFTHEFIXEDCALENDARS

1. Calendars of Ancient Greece 25


2. The Babylonian Calendar 71


3. The Egyptian Calendar 125


4. The Rise of the Fixed Calendars: Persian, Ptolemaic,
   and Julian Calendars 167

PART II. THE EMPIRES CHALLENGED AND DISSOLVED:

CALENDAR DIVERSITY AND FRAGMENTATION

5. Fragmentation: Babylonian and Julian Calendars in the Near East,
   Third CenturyBCE–Seventh CenturyCE 231


6. Dissidence and Subversion: Gallic, Jewish, and Other Lunar
   Calendars in the Roman Empire 299


7. Sectarianism and Heresy: From Qumran Calendars to
   Christian Easter Controversies 355

Conclusion 425

Bibliography 431
Index 455