322 r Jessica Marglin
- Fram, “The Limitation of Luxuries,” 15 and 17; Berkovitz, Rites and Passages,
45–46. The sumptuary laws in the Ottoman Empire did not include references to class
hierarchies. Ben-Naeh, “‘One Cup of Coffee,’” 167. - Fram, “The Limitation of Luxuries,” 12–14; Berkovitz, Rites and Passages, 41–43;
Ben Naeh, “‘One Cup of Coffee,’“ 168, 181. - Fram, “The Limitation of Luxuries,” 16, 18–21; Berkovitz, Rites and Passages, 42;
Ben-Naeh, “‘One Cup of Coffee,’“ 169. - Amar, Taqanot, 365–66. “Do not waste” is a commandment originally found in
the Bible (Deuteronomy 20: 19–20). - Ibid., 73–74.
- Ibid., 358–62. See also a very similar taqanah from 1907 (ibid., 363–70).
- Ibid., 73–74, 93–95, 358–70.
- Some even include the language “whether rich or poor” to drive this point home.
See ibid., 358–62. - Fram, “The Limitation of Luxuries,” 12; Ben-Naeh, “‘One Cup of Coffee,’“ 181.
- Amar, Taqanot, 85–88, 390–93.
- Ibid., 167, 222–24; see also 169.
- Morocco suffered from famine in 1824–25. Ibid., 421.
- On the AIU in Morocco, see Michael M. Laskier, The Alliance Israélite Universelle
and the Jewish Communities of Morocco, 1862–1962 (Albany: SUNY Press, 1983). - See Joseph Kaplan, “Spanish and Portuguese Jews: Relations with Ashkenazi Jews
in Amsterdam” (Hebrew), in Changes in New Jewish History: Collection of Articles in
Honor of Shmuel Ettinger (Jerusalem: Merkaz Zalman Shazar, 1988), 400–401, 411. - Black, Social Politics, 73, 93. On similar developments among French and Russian
Jews, see Lowe, “From Charity to Social Policy,” 57–60; Jay R. Berkovitz, The Shaping
of Jewish Identity in Nineteenth-Century France (Detroit: Wayne State University Press,
1989), 88, 100–104. - Ener, Managing Egypt’s Poor, chaps. 2 and 3.
- YBZ 1847: 29. The hospital was founded between 1893 and 1901.
- See, e.g., Sabra, Poverty and Charity in Medieval Islam, 73–80; Miri Shefer, “Char-
ity and Hospitality: Hospitals in the Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern Period,” in
Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts. There is also evidence that Christians
in the medieval period set up hospitals in Jerusalem. Lev, Charity, 82. - Black, Social Politics, 85–86.
- See, e.g., MAE CC Mogador IV, Gay to Drouyn de Lhuys, July 18, 1865; MAE CC
Mogador IV, Luguau to Moustier, September 11, 1868; MAE CC Mogador V, Beaumier
to De La Vallette, August 5, 1869; MAE CC Mogador VI, Cara de Vaux to de Vernouillet,
April 5, 1879; MAE CC Mogador VIII, Lacoste to Ribot, November 5, 1891. - See Amar, Taqanot, 258.
- See MAE CC Mogador IV, Drouyn de Lhuys to Gay, November 4, 1865; MAE CC
Mogador VI, Cara de Vaux to de Vernouillet, November 11, 1878. - For letters requesting funds, see AIU Maroc II B 12–98, Community of Meknes
to AIU, received January 14, 1897; Community of Meknes to AIU, Tevet 5663 (1903); AIU