The Divergence of Judaism and Islam. Interdependence, Modernity, and Political Turmoil

70 · Ömer Turan

16. Ibid., 94–95.


17. Efthyniou, “Official Ideology and Lay Mentality,” 33–43. Since the Otto-
    man Greeks considered the Jews their religious and national enemy, their hatred
    continued after Greek independence. In 1859 the governor of Izmir sent a re-
    port to Istanbul, explaining that the Greek attacks on the Jews increased due to
    their religious feast and the anniversary of Greek independence and that some
    Greeks were arrested. See Çağrı Erhan, Yunan Toplumunda Yahudi Düşmanlığı
    (Ankara: SAEMK, 2001), 83–84.


18. Lebel, “Evaluation of the Serbian State,” 45–47.


19. Zvi Keren, “The Fate of the Jewish Communities of Kazanlik and Eski-
    Zağra in the 1877/8 War,” in The Ottoman-Russian War of 1877–78, 113–30; for the
    Muslims and Jews of Stara Zagora and Kazanlik during the Ottoman-Russian
    War of 1877–78, see Hüseyin Raci Efendi, Zağra Müftüsünün Hatıraları, Tarihçe-i
    Vaka-i Zağra (Istanbul: Tercüman 1001 Temel Eser, n.d.).


20. Bilal N. Şimşir, ed., Turkish Migrations from the Balkans (Documents), 3 vols.
    (Ankara: Turkish Historical Society, 1989); Justin McCarthy, Death and Exile: The
    Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims (Princeton: Darwin Press, 1995); Nedim
    İpek, Rumeli’den Anadolu’ya Türk Göçleri (1877–1890) (Ankara: Türk Tarih Ku-
    rumu, 1994); Ahmet Halaçoğlu, Balkan Harbi Sırasında Rumeli’den Türk Göçleri
    (1912–1913) (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1994); Abdullah Saydam, Kırım
    ve Kafkas Göçleri (1856–1876) (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1997); Yıldırım
    Ağanoğlu, Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Balkanların Makûs Talihi Göç (Istanbul:
    Kum Saati, 2001).


21. BOA, AAMD, No. 87/71; BOA, Irade Meclis-i Mahsus, no. 266. For the
    settlement of the Tatars in Dobrudja, see Mark Pinson, “Russian Policy and the
    Emigration of the Crimean Tartars to the Ottoman Empire, 1854–1862,” Güney-
    Doğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3 vols. (Istanbul: Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakül-
    tesi, 1972–74), 37–56.


22. BOA, Irade Dahiliye, no. 22622.


23. BOA, Irade Dahiliye, no. 23899.


24. BOA, Irade Dahiliye, no. 6857.


25. Abdulhamid II allowed the Jews to settle almost anywhere in the Otto-
    man Empire except Palestine. Levy, The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire, 118.


26. Halaçoğlu, Balkan Harbi Sırasında Rumeli’den Türk Göçleri, 38–66.


27. Erhan, Yunan Toplumunda, 33–35.


28. Tevfik Bıyıklıoğlu, Trakya’da Milli Mücadele (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu,
    1987), 1:92–93.


29. Alexander Popovic, Balkanlarda Islam, trans. Komisyon (Istanbul: İnsan
    Yayınları, 1995), 220–23.


30. Paul Dumont, “Jewish Communities in Turkey during the Last Decades
    of the Nineteenth Century in the Light of the Archives of the Alliance Israélite
    Universelle,” in Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, ed. Braude and Lewis,


31.