196 emilie savage-smith
tradition of mathematical projections, and the compass points or ‘winds’ replaced with
grids of parallels and meridians, a cartographic form arose that moved navigation and
map making into the “modern” era, the world of Mercator—and Google.
Endnotes1 For good modern reconstructions of how the Mediterranean might have looked using
Ptolemy’s two projections and the data available to him, see Stückelberger and Graßhoff
(2006: 2: 748–751); see also Gautier Dalché (2007).
2 Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Vat. lat. 6018, fols. 63v-64r. For various interpretations
of this famous map, see Edson (2008: 226); Scafi (2006: 95–104); Barber (2005: 38–39);
Englisch (2002); Chekin (1999).
3 Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Arab. c. 90, fol. 29a, in Chapter Six of Book Two. For
the full text and translation, see http://cosmos.bodley.ox.ac.uk/ (accessed July 13, 2013)
and Rapoport and Savage-Smith (2014).
4 For textual and other arguments that some portolan charts were used for navigation, see
Pujades i Bataller (2007), Pujades i Bataller (2009), and Campbell [2012].
5 For what constitutes an “atlas” and for the layout and mental structure of maps in such
volumes, see Akerman (1995), where it is stated that the first “proper” atlas was Ortelius’
Theatrum Orbis Terrarum of 1570.
ReferencesAkerman, J.R. (1995) From books with maps to books as maps: The editor in the creation of
the atlas idea, in Editing Early and Historical Atlases: Papers given at the Twenty-Ninth
Annual Conference on Editorial Problems, University of Toronto, 5–6 November 1993 (ed.
J. Winearls), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 3–48.
Albu, E. (2005) Imperial geography and the medieval Peutinger map. Imago Mundi, 57:
136–148.
Albu, E. (2008) Rethinking the Peutinger map, in Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle
Ages: Fresh Perspectives, New Methods (eds R.J.A. Talbert and R.W. Unger), Leiden: Brill,
pp. 111–119 and Plates I, IIa, IIb.
Antrim, Z. (2012) Routes & Realms: The Power of Place in the Early Islamic World, Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Barber, P. (ed.) (2005) The Map Book, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Billion, P. (2011) A newly discovered chart fragment from the Lucca archives, Italy. Imago
Mundi, 63: 11–21.
Brummett, P. (2007) Visions of the Mediterranean: A classification. Journal of Medieval and
Early Modern Studies, 31: 9–55.
Buisseret, D. (2010) Europeans plot the wider world, 1500–1750, in Geography and Ethnography:
Perceptions of the World in Pre-Modern Societies (eds K.A. Raaflaub and R.J.A. Talbert),
Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 330–343.
Campbell, T. (1987) Portolan charts from the late thirteenth century to 1500, in The History
of Cartography, Volume I: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the
Mediterranean (eds J.B. Harley and D. Woodward), Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
pp. 371–463.
Campbell, T. [2012] Portolan charts from the late thirteenth century to 1500. Additions,
Corrections, Updates (to Volume 1, The History of Cartography, University of Chicago Press,
1987), pp. 371–463) online publication http://www.maphistory.info/portolanchapter.html
(accessed January 29, 2013).