forms of slavery 277
world)^4 whose movement is still conditioned by the two major factors that made
Mediterranean slavery possible: politics and economics. As before, they are segregated
by “origin,” “ethnicity,” “color,” and, most of all, “faith,” which is still perceived as a
threat. Leaving their home with the desire to earn a living in a foreign land, such immi-
grants are often exploited in ways that severely restrict their civil rights and freedom of
movement. Although today such demographic movement is mostly “voluntary” we
should ask ourselves whether these persons were really given true freedom of choice.
Endnotes1 See the much higher figures for the same trade: Lovejoy (2000: 147); Pétré-Grenouilleau
(2004: 144–149); see also Kea, this volume.
2 See de Almeida Mendes (2010: 2012), and in comparison Pétré-Grenouilleau (2004), who
analyzes the connectivity between the Indian Oceanic, African and Atlantic slave trades.
3 Uri Rosenwaks’ (2006) The Film Class; (2010) Black and Forth. Two documentaries about
Bedouins segregated and treated as descendants of slaves by their society.
4 See the ILO’s reports about forced labor and human trafficking, where the Mediterranean
is comprised of “Europe and the Middle East:” http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/
ILOPublications/Byregion/EuropeandMiddleeast/lang--en/index.htm (accessed July 18,
2013).
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