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Wiesehofer, J. (2010) The Achaemenid empire, in The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State
Power from Assyria to Byzantium (eds I. Morris and W. Scheidel), New York: Oxford
University Press, pp. 66–98.
Further ReadingBentley, J.H. (1993) Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in
Pre-Modern Times, New York: Oxford University Press.
Burke III, E. (2009) The transformation of the Middle Eastern environment, 1500 b.c.e.–2
C.E, in The Environment in World History (eds E. Burke III and K. Pomeranz), Berkeley:
University of California Press, pp. 81–117.
Casale, G. (2010) The Ottoman Age of Exploration, New York: Oxford University Press.
Christian, D. (2004) Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History, Berkeley: University of
California Press.
Dale, S.F. (2010) The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Malkin, I. (2011) A Small Greek World: Networks in the Ancient Mediterranean, New York:
Oxford University Press.
Morris, I. (2011) Why the West Rules—For Now: The Patterns of History and What They Reveal
about the Future, London: Profile.
Shaffer, L. (1994) Southernization. Journal of World History, 5 (1): 1–21.