480 index
migrations (cont'd)
clandestine/illegal, 2, 107, 118, 388
and climate, 15
and demographic pressure, 63
immigration, 131
in-migration, 66, 208, 347
and Islam, 365
and Jews, 396, 398, 401–402
tracing patterns of, 287
and vegetation, 28, 36
minorities, religious
in Christian Mediterranean, 368–371
in early modern Mediterranean, 372–373
in Islamic Mediterranean, 365–367
in later Middle Ages, 367–368
origins in late antiquity, 365
under Ottomans, 371–372
and power relations, 361–362
and scriptural languages, 315
see also convenience, principle of; dhimmis;
mudéjares; racism; syncretism
Minos of Crete, 139
modernity
definition of, 109
nature of in the Mediterranean, 107–109,
112, 122
and nature of tradition, 114
Mongols, 85, 91, 451
Moses, 349
mudéjares, 369
multiculturalism, 116
multilingualism, 315–317, 318
music, Mediterranean, 325, 346
Napoleon, 152
nation-states, 131
navigation
Atlantic, 417–418
see also maps of the Mediterranean;
portolans
Neanderthals, 47
Neolithic
package of plants, 32
village society 50
Niger basin, 427, 430–431
North Africa, environment of, 29
“northern invasion,” late sixteenth-century,
94, 108, 167, 323
object biography, 282, 293
obsidian, 47
olive cultivation in the Mediterranean
origins of, 49
Orientalism, 298
Ottoman empire, as Mediterranean empire, 91
Ottomans
conquests of and their effects, 77, 91–92,
97–98, 102, 368, 417, 419, 452–453,
464
in European literature, 323–324
imperial decline, 101, 453
mapmaking, 194–195
and minorities, 101–102, 371–372,
402–403
and ports, 115
rugs, 286–287
and Russia, 96
trade, 31, 93–98, 100–102, 419, 464, 419
see also Michiel, B., and under slaveryPact of Umar, 366, 374
palace-based polities, in eastern
Mediterranean, 53
paleoclimatology
Holocene, 47
Pleistocene, 46
sacralized, 2
Paleolithic, 46–47
Papadiamandis, Alexandros, 324
Parthenon, Athens, 298, 300
pastoralism
in Africa, 49
and agrarianism, 61–62, 206, 210
in Asia, 451–452
changes in, 429
and exchange, 64, 448
transhumance, 221, 237, 428
“pastoral technocomplex,” trans-Saharan,
425–427
patriarchy, 242, 353
patronage, 113–114
Paul of Tarsus, 349, 392
pepper, trade in, 33, 441, 450, 453, 465,
466, 467, 488
periodization of Mediterranean history, 45–46,
50–52, 56–57, 59, 77–78, 92, 102–103
periplus, 156, 460
Persia
empire, 300, 445–446, 447
and Greeks, 298–301, 445–446
language, 315, 316, 323
and religion, 383