index 481
Sassanian, 364
and trade, 402, 427, 450–451
and tribute, 300
see also Apadana
Petra, 220
Phoenicians,
alphabet, 444
and the Atlantic, 413
in the Levant, 55, 392
seafaring, 62, 155–156, 157, 413, 462
settlements, 63–64, 72, 143, 149, 212, 444
trade, 60, 143–144
in the western Mediterranean, 55, 142,
143, 212, 413
see also Carthage
Picasso, Pablo, 310–311
pilgrimage, 381, 383, 386–387
piracy
Aragonese, 171–172, 271
distinctively Mediterranean form, 180
Greek, 176
frequency of, 174–175
Mediterranean as birthplace of, 170
pirate ships, 179
relationship with trade, 67, 86, 142,
170, 321
and religion, 175, 178
and right of shipwreck, 177–180
Roman, 177
and slave trade, 175, 268
see also corsairs; Pompey; Uskoks
Pirenne, Henri, 78–79, 411, 422
Pı̄rı̄ Reʾıs, 194–195̄
Pleistocene, 46, 56–57
plough, 207
Pompey and pirates, 170–171, 174
port cities, 115–116
portolans, 193–195
ports, Mediterranean
ancient, 64
and sea-power, 150
see also port cities
post-modernity in the Mediterranean, 122
prehistory
abundance of Mediterranean data, 46
material culture, 287–288
unhelpful category, 46
urbanization in, 443–444
racism, 353, 372
Rādhāniyya, merchants, 399
religion in the Mediterranean
and conflict, 78, 126, 180
rhinoceros, Indian, 471
Rhodian Sea-Law, 87
rhumb line, cartographic, 194
risk, response to, 50, 62
Rome, city, supply of, 207
Rome, empire of, and Mediterranean, 72–73
Russia in the Mediterranean, 101–102, 141sacred spaces, shared in the Mediterranean, 126
Balkans, 380, 383, 387
before nation-states, 378, 385
in Byzantium, 378
Cyprus, 385
Euphrates area, 383
marginal locations, 386
Morocco, 382–384
under Ottomans, 378–379
pilgrims’ view of, 386–388
Syria, 383, 387
Turkey, 380–382
Sahara
changing climate and fauna, 21–22
desertification, 50, 426
early Holocene, 21–22
gold trade across, 85, 86, 427, 435
interglacial aridity, 46
pastoralism in early Holocene, 49
routes across, 73
see also Garamantes; “pastoral
technocomplex”
Sardinia, nuragic communities of, 55
seafaring in the Mediterranean
in antiquity, 64–65, 73
Jewish, post-biblical, 392–393
in Middle Ages, 80–81, 84, 86
origins of, 47, 52, 55, 154–155
routes of, 158
see also sea-power
sea peoples, 22, 54, 444
sea-power in the Mediterranean
Aragonese, 145–146
Athenian, 66–67, 69, 139–140, 144–145
Catalan, 145
and control of ports, 150
early modern, 101–103
early modern European, 94, 98
Etruscan, 144
medieval Islamic, 81, 83, 145
non-Mediterranean, 151