Hittites and Anatolian Ethnic Diversity 131a land of Luwiya in early versions of the Hittite laws (laws §§5, 19–21, 23a; Hallo and
Younger 2003: 107, 108). The name “Luwiya” is replaced by “Arzawa” in later versions,
and “Luwiya” as a geographical term disappears from our records—though the adverbial
formluwilisurvived as a linguistic term.
Arzawa was the name in Hittite texts for a number of lands in western Anatolia. They
evolved as a series of kingdoms, each with its own ruler, and perhaps initially under the
hegemony of a king who ruled from Apasa, the Late Bronze Age forerunner of Eph-
esus on the Aegean coast. Consequent upon a 2-year western campaign conducted by
the Hittite king Mursili II ca. 1319–1318, the rulers of these states became subject to
Hittite sovereignty. Five Arzawa states are identified in Hittite records—the kingdom
sometimes called by scholars as Arzawa “Minor” or Arzawa “Proper” (to distinguish it
from the Arzawa complex as a whole), whichmayhave formed the political nucleus of
the complex before its apparent dismemberment by Mursili; Seha River Land; Hapalla;
Mira; and in the far northwest, in the region of the Classical Troad, Wilusa (though
Wilusa’s membership of the complex is sometimes disputed). The apparent replacement
of “Luwiya” by “Arzawa” in the Hittite laws has led to the assumption of an equation
between them. It is clear, however, that “Luwiya” was never used as a political term, in
reference to a coherent political entity; it may have been purely an ethnogeographical
term of convenience used by outsiders, such as the Hittites, and never by the inhabi-
tants of Luwiya itself. Perhaps it was when political states evolved from the peoples of
the region that the term “Arzawa” emerged, a term that, unlike “Luwiya,” had clear
political connotations.
In any case, a common inference derived from linking the names Luwiya and Arzawa
is that the western Anatolian lands that bore the Arzawa label had, throughout the Late
Bronze Age, a substantial Luwian-speaking population, from which the ruling class in
each state arose. I. Yakubovich (2010) has recently challenged this view. He argues
that, while there may have been a substantial Luwian presence in the west during the
Late Bronze Age, this was not due to voluntary settlement in the region by Luwian
speakers. Rather, it arose from forced deportations of Luwians to the west in the
aftermath of Arzawan attacks on the region in south-central Anatolia called the Lower
Land in Hittite texts, where Luwians had earlier settled. In Yakubovich’s view, the core
Luwian area lay in central Anatolia, in and around the Konya Plain, which included
part of the Lower Land. He believes that the predominant population of the Arzawan
region, at least before the alleged Luwian mass deportations, was what he refers to
as “proto-Carian.”
The region called Caria in Classical sources extended over much of southwestern
Anatolia, and it is possible that the forerunners of the first-millennium Carians were of
Anatolian Bronze Age origin.Contrathis, Herodotus (1.171) reports a tradition that
the Carians were immigrants into western Anatolia from the Aegean islands, displaced
from their original homelands by Ionian and Dorian Greeks; they would thus have
arrived in western Anatolia around the end of the second millennium, in the context of
the widespread Greek migratory movements to the Anatolian coastlands in this period.
However, Herodotus notes that the Carians themselves claimed they were native Anato-
lians, and had always been called Carians. There may be some truth in this, if we can link
“Caria” with “Karkisa,” the name of a Late Bronze Age country attested in Hittite texts,
located somewhere in the west but clearly not a part of the Arzawa complex. Interestingly,