138 Trevor R. Bryce
Boeotia and Thessaly on the Greek mainland, who occupied the islands Lesbos and Tene-
dos and then the coastal parts of the Troad in Anatolia’s northwest corner; and (b) Ionian
Greeks from many parts of the Greek mainland who settled further south along the cen-
tral Aegean coast, between the bays of Izmir and Bargylia. We have noted the possibility
that Aegean immigrants, including perhaps settlers from Crete, re-established themselves
in the southwest corner of Anatolia, where they became an important component of the
population of the country called Lycia by the Greeks.
East of Lycia, along Anatolia’s southern plain, a country called Pamphylia had emerged
by the early first millennium. The territory it covered had belonged to the kingdom
called Tarhuntassa in the Late Bronze Age, and had then been inhabited primarily by a
Luwian-speaking population. However, there are few indications of a continuing Luwian
presence in the region in the post-Bronze Age era, in contrast to fairly strong epigraphic
evidence for such a presence in Pampylia’s neighbors Lycia and Cilicia. Pamphylia is a
Greek name meaning “place of all tribes.” It figures in Greek legendary tradition as a
region settled by Greeks of mixed origin under the leaders Amphilochus, Calchas, and
Mopsus some time after the Trojan War. The language spoken by the Pamphylians was
a distinctive dialect of Greek, which was related to Cypriot and Arcadian and also con-
tained an infusion of native Anatolian elements. The Pamphylian city of Perge, a Greek
settlement according to Greek tradition, was almost certainly the successor of the Late
Bronze Age city Parha, which lay just outside Tarhuntassa’s western frontier. Aspendos,
located on the Eurymedon River, was another important Pamphylian city, founded by
Argive Greeks according to the Greek geographer Strabo (14.4.2). However, its native
name “Estwediys,” appearing on its fifth-century coin issues, was probably of Luwian
origin, derived from the personal name Azatiwatas.
A man of this name was the founder in the eighth century of the city called Azatiwataya,
on the site now known as Karatepe in eastern Cilicia. A famous bilingual inscription dis-
covered here in 1946, written in Phoenician and hieroglyphic Luwian, has provided our
most important key to the decipherment of the hieroglyphic Luwian language. From the
inscription (edited and translated by Çambel 1999; Hawkins 2000: 45–68), we learn
that Azatiwatas was a subordinate ruler of a man called Awarikus (Warikas, Assyrian
Urikki), current ruler of the Neo-Hittite kingdom Adanawa (Que in Assyrian texts).
Interestingly, Azatiwatas refers to his overlord as belonging to “the house of Muksas.”
In a bilingual inscription of his own (the so-called Çineköy inscription; see Tekoglu and ̆
Lemaire 2000), Awarikus too identifies himself as “a descendant of Muk(a)sas.” In the
Phoenician versions of both inscriptions, the name appears as MPŠ. The precise corre-
spondence between Muksas/MPŠ in these inscriptions with Moxus/Mopsus in Classical
texts has led scholars to link Awarikus’ ancestor with the legendary Greek seer and
city-founder Mopsus.
An emigrant from western Anatolia to Cilicia, according to Greek tradition, Mopsus is
associated with the founding of a number of cities in southern Anatolia. It is by no means
impossible that the name which Warikas calls his ancestor in the Çineköy inscription
indicates that Adanawa’s ruling dynasty was founded by the leader of a Greek colonizing
group. Further support for this may be found in the fact that, in the Luwian version of
his Çineköy inscription, Awarikus calls his kingdom Hiyawa. As we have noted, Hiyawa
is a shortened form of Ahhiyawa, the name commonly assumed to be the Hittite way of
referring to the “Achaian”/Mycenaean world. Why Awarikus’ kingdom should be called