A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean

Olbia

Kerich

Thermopylae

Athens Marathon

Sparta Sardis

Phasis

Tarsus

Erzincan

Altintepe

Carchemish

Meydanokkale Al Mina

Celaenae

HuyukDeve

Pazar

TyreSidon Damascus

Memphis

Asyut

Kharga Oasis

Elephantine

1st Cateract

Siwa Oasis

Mari

Cunaxa

Babylon

Ur

Susa

Anshan

Tehran

Godin Tepe

BisitunBaba Jan

Nimrod

Hasanlu

PersepolisPasargadea

Peshawar

Multan

GhulamanDahan-I Kandahar

Cyropolis

Ai-Khanoum

Balkh

Merv

MACEDONIA THRACE

LYDIA

PHRYGIA

CILICIA

CARIA CAPPADOCIA

LYCIA

HELLESPONTINEPHRYGIA PAPHLAGONIA

PISIDIA

COLCHIS

ARMENIA

AZERBAIJAN

MEDIA

URARTU

KAZAKHSTAN

CHORASMIA FERGHANA

SOGDANIA

TAJIKSTAN

BACTRIA

MARGIANA

GANDARA

ARACHOSIA

SEISTAN

GEDROSIA INDIA SIND

ARIA

DRA

NGIA

NA

AF

GH

AN

IST

PARTHIA AN

HYRCANIA

BAB

YLON

IA

BEYOND-THE-RIVER

CYPRUS SYRIA

PHO

ENI

CIA

LIBYA

SCYTHIANS

Black Sea

CaspianSea

AralSea

Red Sea

PersianGulf

ARABIA

MediterraneanSea

Darius’ canal

R. Dnieper

LakeVa n

LakeUrmia

R. Nile

R.Helmand

R.Indus

Oxus(Amu

Darya

)

Jaxartes

(SyrDa

rya)

R.Halys

R.Eu

phrates

ZAGR

OSMTS

PARSA

CARMANIA

HIMAL

AYAMO

UNTAINS

HIN

DUK

USH

R.Ister(Danube)

0

0

500

1000

Miles

Kilometers

250

500

CAUCASU

SMTS

PUNJAB

(Hamadan)Ecbatana

R. TigrisLURISTAN

ELAM

AleppoKURDISTANNineveh

ASSYRIA

Jerusalem

Bubastis

SAT

TAGY

KHUZISTAN DIA?

Sais

EGYPT

Gordian

Dascylium

BITHYN

IA

Map 12.1 The Persian Empire. Courtesy of Elspeth R. M. Dusinberre, adapted from Dusinberre 2013, Figure 4.