Ethnicity in the Roman Northwest 509and a significant number of people from Syria and the eastern provinces. Nonetheless, it
is clear from funerary art and epigraphy that, until as late as the mid-third century, tribal
identities continued to play a key role in the ethnic self-image of northern Pannonians.
When thecivitatesin the region were established, they were allowed by Rome to be
under the control of nativeprincipes(e.g., CIL 3, 3546): one Trajanic inscription naming
aprinceps Boiorum(AE 1999, 1251) shows that this practice, or at least the concept of
anativeprinceps, continued into the second century. The tribalcivitatesthemselves also
play a central role in inscriptions. In the second century, for example, anAlorix Bassi
f(ilius)is named asdecurio, not of a town, but simplyEraviscus(AE1969/70, 493). The
civitas Eraviscorumis also still named very frequently in the mid–late third century on
gravestones (AE 1986, 0598) and altars (CIL 3, 10481; AE 2003, 1416; 1418–1421;
AE 2003, 1422; AE 2003, 1423), even though, by this time, the area had already been
under the control of themunicipium—since the Severan periodcolonia—atAquincum
for generations. This forms a strong contrast to Cologne, where the local population,
colorful as it may have been, identified strongly with their new city, and abandoned their
tribal name (see above).
The dress behavior of northern Pannonians in the funerary art is also striking in this
regard. Depictions of a special kind of boat-shaped hat that appears from the rough
working of the stone to have been made out of fur (Figure 33.4) are found exclusively
in the region attributed to the Boii. Further to the east, a very different type of hat is
Figure 33.4 Grave stele for Belatusa, Bruckneudorf, mid-first centuryAD. Hansági Múzeum,
Mosonmagyaróvár, no. 68.1.9. Photograph U. Rothe.