Lucanians and Southern Italy 525promoted an ethnic awareness among Italic populations to mobilize large forces. Institu-
tions, such as major sanctuaries used for worship, trade, and political gatherings, would
also have encouraged a sense of affiliation with a wider collective. It is difficult to know,
however, whether most Italic people in ancient Lucania ever articulated a Lucanian ethnic
collective in the same way as writers of the late republic and early empire did, as a large
population inhabiting an extensive area in modern Basilicata and the adjacent coastal
areas stretching from the Sele River to the shores of the Ionian Sea.
NOTES(^1) I would like to thank Maurizio Gualtieri, Elena Isayev, and Jeremy McInerney for their
valuable comments to the previous drafts of this chapter.
(^2) The importance of clothes, appearance, and language as ethnic markers has recently
been highlighted during the ethnic violence in Karachi, Pakistan. A recent article in
theEconomist(August 27–September 2, 2011), describing struggles between Moha-
jirs, Pushtuns, and Balochs, notes that, in Karachi: “Language, clothes and even haircuts
betray a person’s ethnicity to the killing squads.”
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