the Catholic reconciliation of Ravenna and the church of Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo’, Journal
of Early Christian Studies 13 (2005), 71–110.
19 On the Roman churches, see H. Brandenburg, Ancient Churches of Rome from the Fourth to the
Seventh Century. The Dawn of Christian Architecture in the West (Turnhout: Brepols, 2005).
20 Eus., Life of Constantine, III.50.
21 Cyril Mango, Byzantine Architecture (London: Faber/Electa, 1978), is a fi ne survey. There
are many introductions to late antique and Byzantine art; see for instance Robin Cormack,
Byzantine Art (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), chapter 1. Thomas F. Mathews, The
Art of Byzantium (London: George Weidenfeld and Nicolson Ltd, 1998), questions some
traditional assumption, as does Jas Elsner, Art and the Roman Viewer. The Transformation of Art
from the Pagan World to Christianity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
22 For this church, and for the hymn in Syriac which celebrated it as symbolizing heaven, see
Kathleen McVey, ‘The domed church as microcosm: literary roots of an architectural sym-
bol’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 37 (1983), 91–121.
23 See R.M. Harrison, A Temple for Byzantium: the Discovery and Excavation of Anicia Juliana’s
Palace-church in Istanbul (London: Harvey Miller, 1989) poem: Anth. Pal. I.10. See Gregory of
Tours, De gloria martyrum, 102.
24 Marlia Mundell Mango, Silver from Early Byzantium. The Kaper Koraon and Related Treasures
(Baltimore: Walters Art Gallery, 1986), 98, and see the introduction.
25 Personal communication from the excavator, Dr Grzegorz Majcherek.
26 See Claudia Rapp, Holy Bishops in Late Antiquity. The Nature of Christian Leadership in an Age
of Transition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005); Andrea Sterk, Renouncing the
World yet Leading the Church: the Monk-Bishop in Late Antiquity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 2005); Peter Norton, Episcopal Elections, 250–600. Hierarchy and Popular
Will in Late Antiquity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
27 This is well brought out by Rita Lizzi Testa, ‘The late antique bishop: image and reality’, in
Rousseau, ed., A Companion to Late Antiquity, 527–38.
28 Neil McLynn, Ambrose of Milan. Church and Court in a Christian Capital (Berkeley: Univer-
sity of California Press, 1994); J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, Ambrose of Milan, Political Letters and
Speeches, Translated Texts for Historians 43 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2005).
29 The classic work on Augustine is Peter Brown’s Augustine of Hippo: A Biography, new ed.
(London: Faber, 2000); for the Confessions see the translation by Henry Chadwick (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1991), and the excellent short introduction by Gillian Clark,
Augustine. The Confessions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
30 Theodoret: Theresa Urbainczyk, Theodoret of Cyrrhus. The Bishop and the Holy Man (Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press, 2002); he wrote about these ascetics in his Historia Religiosa,
trans. R.M. Price, A History of the Monks of Syria by Theodoret of Cyrrhus (Kalamazoo: Cistercian
Publications, 1985). They included Symeon the Stylite the Elder, who spent decades living
on top of a high pillar at Qalaat Semaan; for Symeon see also Robert Doran, The Lives of
Symeon Stylites (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1992).
31 R. Van Dam, Leadership and Community in Late Antique Gaul (Berkeley: University of Califor-
nia Press, 1985), 167, and in general on all these issues in the fi fth-century west.
32 For Venantius see Judith W. George, Venantius Fortunatus. A Latin Poet in Merovingian Gaul
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992); ead., Venantius Fortunatus: Personal and Political Poems,
Translated Texts for Historians 23 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1995).
33 For the patronage of western bishops, and their exploitation of relics for reasons of local
prestige, see Peter Brown, The Cult of the Saints. Its Rise and Function in Western Christianity
(London: SCM Press, 1981). There is a great deal of evidence for fi fth- and sixth-century
Gaul, where Caesarius of Arles (502–42) later exercised a more provincial but essentially
similar role: see C.E. Stancliffe, St. Martin and his Hagiographer. History and Miracle in Sulpi-
cius Severus (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983); Danuta Shanzer and Ian N. Wood, Avitus of
Vienne: Letters and Selected Prose, Translated Texts for Historians 38 (Liverpool: Liverpool
University Press, 2002); on Caesarius, see W. Klingshirn, Caesarius of Arles. The Making of a
Christian Community in Late Antique Gaul (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994),
NOTES TO CHAPTER 3