and Caesarius of Arles: Life, Testament, Letters, Translated Texts for Historians 19 (Liverpool:
Liverpool University Press, 1994).
34 This is discussed in detail from the reign of Constantine onwards in an important though
diffi cult book by G. Dagron, Emperor and Priest. The Imperial Offi ce in Byzantium, Eng. trans.
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
35 The main account is by the ecclesiastical historian Rufi nus (HE II.22–30), but this needs
careful analysis: for discussion, see Johannes Hahn, Stephen Emmel and Ulrich Gotter,
eds., From Temple to Church. Destruction and Renewal of Local Cultic Topography in Late Antiquity
(Leiden: Brill, 2008); Edward J. Watts, Riot in Alexandria. Tradition and Group Dynamics in
Late Antique Pagan and Christian Communities (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010),
192–98: see Chapter 1.
36 G. Fowden, ‘Bishops and temples in the eastern Roman empire, AD 320–435’, Journal of
Theological Studies, n.s. 29 (1978), 53–78; B. Caseau, ‘The fate of rural temples in late antiquity
and the Christianisation of the countryside’, in William Bowden, Luke Lavan and Carlos
Machado, eds., Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside, Late Antique Archaeology 2
(Leiden: Brill, 2004), 105–44; ead., ‘Sacred landscapes’, in G.W. Bowersock, Peter Brown
and Oleg Grabar, eds., Late Antiquity. A Guide to the Post-Classical World (Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press, 1999), 21–59.
37 See Michael E. Gaddis, There is no Crime for those who have Christ. Religious Violence in the Chris-
tian Roman Empire (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005); P. Chuvin, A Chronicle of
the Last Pagans, Eng. trans., (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990).
38 See R.M. Price, The Acts of the Council of Constantinople of 553, with Related Texts on the Three
Chapters Controversy, 2 vols., Translated Texts for Historians 51 (Liverpool: Liverpool Uni-
versity Press, 2009); C. Sotinel, ‘Emperors and popes in the sixth century: the western
view’, in Michael Maas, ed., The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian (Cambridge: Cam-
brdge University Press, 2005), 267–90; for the antecedents to the council of 553, Justinian’s
strenuous efforts to resolve matters and the vacillations and ill-treatment of Vigilius, see
Celia Chazelle and Catherine Cubitt, eds., The Crisis of the Oikoumene: the Three Chapters and the
Failed Quest for Unity in the Sixth-Century Mediterranean (Turnhout, 2007). Decision-making at
church councils: Ramsay MacMullen, Voting about God in Early Church Councils (New Haven:
Yale University Press, 2006).
39 See for a clear short treatment Michael Gaddis, ‘The political church: religion and the state’,
in Rousseau, ed., A Companion to Late Antiquity, 511–24.
40 See now the full documentation from the council, translated with notes by R.M. Price, with
Michael Gaddis, The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 3 vols. Translated Texts for Historians
45 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009); Chapter 1 above.
41 See Chapters 5 and 8, with Susan Ashbrook Harvey, ‘Remembering pain: Syriac historiog-
raphy and the separation of the churches’, Byzantion 58 (1988), 295–308.
42 See also the sixth-century treatise by Agapetus translated by Peter Bell, Three Political Voices
from the Age of Justinian. Agapetus, Advice to the Emperor, Dialogue on Political Science, Paul the
Silentiary, Description of Hagia Sophia, Translated Texts for Historians 52 (Liverpool: Liver-
pool University Press, 2009); Dagron, Emperor and Priest.
43 See Jones, Later Roman Empire, II, chapter 22 (‘The church’).
44 Eus., Life of Constantine III. 41–6.
45 See E.D. Hunt, Holy Land Pilgrimage in the Later Roman Empire AD 312–460 (Oxford: Claren-
don Press, 1982).
46 Socrates, HE VII.47; Clark, Life of Melania, 56; Evagrius, HE I.20.
47 Life of Melania, 58.
48 See Holum, Theodosian Empresses; Alan Cameron, ‘The empress and the poet: paganism
and politics at the court of Theodosius II’, Yale Classical Studies 27 (1982), 272–89;
Eudocia’s verse inscription on the baths at Hammat Gader on the east coast of the Sea
of Galilee: J. Green and Y. Tsafrir, ‘Greek inscriptions from Hammat Gader: a poem by
the Empress Eudocia and two building inscriptions’, Israel Exploration Journal 32 (1982),
77–91.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 3