Pennsylvania Press, 2004); see also Adam H. Becker and Annette Yoshiko Reed, eds., The
Ways that Never Parted. Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Tübingen:
Mohr Siebeck, 2003); L. Rutgers, The Jews in Late Ancient Rome. Evidence of Cultural Interaction
in the Roman Diaspora (Leiden: Brill, 1995). For the torrent of Christian rhetoric directed at
the conceptualisation of Judaism see Andrew S. Jacobs, The Remains of the Jews. The Holy Land
and Christian Empire in Late Antiquity (Stanford: University of Stanford Press, 2004). Both
Boyarin and Seth Schwartz, Imperialism and Jewish Society 200 BCE to 640 CE (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 2005), argue for the infl uence of Christian developments on
Judaism in late antiquity.
69 See A. Chaniotis, ‘The Jews of Aphrodisias: new evidence and old problems’, Scripta Classica
Israelica 21 (2002), 209–42.
70 Zodiac motifs were popular, and there is a striking mosaic of Orpheus from Gaza (though
Orpheus is labelled as ‘David’); recent excavations at Sepphoris have provided spectacular
examples; further below, Chapter 7.
71 The fi fth and sixth centuries were the great period of the establishment of monastic foun-
dations in the west: Benedict of Nursia was a contemporary of Cassiodorus, Columba was
active in Scotland in the sixth century and died and was buried at Iona in 597, while between
his arrival in Gaul from Ireland, c. 575, and his death in 615, Columbanus was to found the
great centres of Luxeuil and Bobbio.
72 For coenobitic organization, instituted by Pachomius, see Philip Rousseau, Pachomius, (Ber-
keley: University of California Press, 1985). Y. Hirschfeld, The Judaean Desert Monasteries in
the Byzantine Period (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), based on both archaeologi-
cal and literary evidence, gives a fascinating picture of life in the many monasteries of the
Judaean desert in the fi fth and sixth centuries, and for the complexities and the politics of
late antique monasticism, see Daniel Caner, Wandering, Begging Monks. Spiritual Authority and
the Promotion of Monasticism in Late Antiquity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002);
the development of monasticism on Sinai, with individual cells and monastic centres, is well
described by Caner, History and Hagiography from the Late Antique Sinai, introduction.
73 Trans. Gillian Clark, Iamblichus. On the Pythagorean Life Translated Texts for Historians 8
(Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1989).
74 See the wide range of extracts in V. Wimbush, ed., Ascetic Behavior in Greco-Roman Antiq-
uity: A Sourcebook (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990); Peter Brown, The Body and Society.
Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (New York: Columbia University
Press, 1988); Aline Rousselle, Porneia: On Desire and the Body in Antiquity, Eng. trans. (Oxford:
Blackwell, 1988).
75 Leontius, Life of Symeon the Fool, 14; D. Krueger, Symeon the Holy Fool: Leontius’s Life and the
Late Antique City (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
76 P. Brown, ‘The rise and function of the holy man in late antiquity’, Journal of Roman Studies 61
(1971), 80–101, reprinted with additions in his Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1982), 103–52; for evaluation and reactions, see J. Howard-
Johnston and P.A. Hayward, eds., The Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
Essays on the Contribution of Peter Brown (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
77 Procopius, Wars I.7.5–11.
78 See A. Vööbus, A History of Asceticism in the Syrian Orient, 3 vols. (Louvain: CSCO, 1958– 88);
S. Brock, ‘Early Syrian asceticism’, Numen 20 (1973), 1–19 (reprinted in his Syriac Perspectives
on Late Antiquity (London: Variorum, 1984); Price, A History of the Monks of Syria.
79 The classic work for the west is Brown, The Cult of the Saints; see also S. Hackel, ed., The
Byzantine Saint (London: Fellowship of St Alban and St Sergius, 1981).
80 A convenient list of these collections is provided in Scott Fitzgerald Johnson, The Life and
Miracles of Thekla. A Literary Study (Cambridge, Mass: Center for Hellenic Studies, 2006),
Appendix 2.
81 See P. Booth, ‘Orthodox and heretic in the early Byzantine cult(s) of Saints Cosmas and
Damian’, in Peter Sarris, Matthew Dal Santo and Phil Booth, eds., An Age of Saints? Confl ict and
Dissent in the Cult of Saints (300–1000 AD) (Leiden: Brill, 2011); Matthew Dal Santo, ‘Gregory
NOTES TO CHAPTER 3