25 See G. Dagron and V. Déroche, ‘Juifs et chrétiens dans l’Orient du VIIe siècle’, Travaux et
Mémoires 11 (1991), 17–273.
26 M. Gigante, ed., Sophronii Anacreontica (Rome: Gismondi, 1957).
27 Anacr. 18: however, ‘anti-semitism’ (Howard-Johnston, Witnesses to a World Crisis, 174) does
not seem an appropriate term.
28 So Howard-Johnston, Witnesses to a World Crisis, 440–1; see also Schick, Christian
Communities.
29 For these and other sources see Greatrex and Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier II, 198–228;
for Theophanes, see Cyril Mango and Roger Scott, eds., The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor.
Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997); George
of Pisidia: Mary Whitby, ‘George of Pisidia’s presentation of the Emperor Heraclius and
his campaigns: variety and development’, in Reinink and Stolte, eds., The Reign of Heraclius,
157–73; ead., ‘Defender of the Cross: George of Pisidia on the Emperor Heraclius and his
deputees’, in Mary Whitby, ed., The Propaganda of Power: The Role of Panegyric in Late Antiquity
(Leiden: Brill, 1998), 247–73: Movses Daskhurani: Howard-Johnston, Witnesses to a World
Crisis, 105–13.
30 Chron. Pasch. s.a. 628; for all these events see Greatrex and Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier,
Part II, 198–228.
31 For the latter, see Frank R. Trombley, ‘The operational methods of the late Roman army
in the Persian war of 572–591’, in Ariel S. Lewin and Pietrina Pellegrini, eds., The Late
Roman Army in the Near East from Diocletian to the Arab Conquest, BAR international ser. 1717
(Oxford: BAR, 2007), 321–56.
32 Ed. P. Lemerle, Les plus anciens recueils des miracles de saint Démétrius, 2 vols. (Paris: Editions du
CNRS, 1979, 1981).
33 E.g. C. Foss, ‘The Persians in Asia Minor and the end of classical antiquity’, English Histori-
cal Review 90 (1975), 721–47; ‘The fall of Sardis in 616 and the value of evidence’, Jahrbuch
der österr. Byzantinischen Gesellschaft 24 (1975), 11–22; ‘Archaeology and the “twenty cities”
of Byzantine Asia’, American Journal of Archaeology 81 (1977), 469–86, cf. 469 ‘the empire
was savagely overrun by the Sassanian Persians’; ‘The Persians in the Roman Near East
(602–630 AD)’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, ser. 3. 13 (2003), 149–70.
34 Patricia Crone and Michael Cook, Hagarism. The Making of the Islamic World (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1977), 3–4.
35 See for detailed discussion, based mainly on the Arabic sources: F.M. Donner, The Early
Islamic Conquests (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), 128–55; and see W.E. Kaegi
Jr, Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
Political history of the early Islamic state: Hugh Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the
Caliphates. The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (London: Longman,
1986); sceptics and revisionists: Patricia Crone and Michael Cook, Hagarism: The Making of
the Islamic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977): Gerald Hawting, The Idea
of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam. From Polemic to History (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1999); A. Noth and L.I. Conrad, The Early Islamic Historical Tradition: A Source-Critical
Study (Princeton: Darwin Press, 1999). The memory of pre-Islamic Arab identity: Robert G.
Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs from the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (London: Routledge,
2001). Howard-Johnston, Witnesses to a World Crisis, launches a forceful defence of the reli-
ability of the historical record in Arabic and the idea that the conquests were centrally
planned and driven by religion.
36 Ed. R. Le Coz, Jean Damascène, Écrits sur l’Islame, Sources chrétiennes 383 (Paris: Cerf, 1992);
cf. Andrew Louth, St John Damascene. Tradition and Originality in Byzantine Theology (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2002); Hoyland, Seeing Islam as Others Saw It, 485–9.
37 See Kaegi, Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests, 265–9; John Moorhead, ‘The Monophy-
site response to the Arab invasions’, Byzantion 51 (1981), 579–91.
38 Modern Shi’ism claims to represent the true Islamic tradition and the claims of the
Prophet’s family to the succession.
39 ‘Uthman and Constans II: Howard-Johnston, Witnesses to a World Crisis, 483; the
NOTES TO CHAPTER 9