Gods and Robots. Myths, Machines, and Ancient Dreams of Technology

The Arhats (Chinese Luohan), four
original disciples of Buddha, were charged
with defending the faith in early Indian
sutras. Later in China, their number rose
to eighteen. The earliest known artistic
impressions of the Luohans (ninth cen-
tury AD) depicted them as non- Chinese
foreigners from the West. Although no
link between the Luohans and the story
of the “Roman” robots that defended
Buddha’s relics has been identified, at
some point the Luohans were imagined
as fierce bronze automata with fighting
skills. The theme appears in the Shaolin
kung fu movie 18 Bronzemen ( Joseph
Kuo, 1976), set in the Qing Empire.
The fantasy of discovering long-
forgotten automaton technology from
some archaic civilization views robot
technology with a mythological sensibil-
ity and lens. Notably, Hesiod suggested

that the bronze robot Talos was of an ear-

lier age. The notion of “ancient robots”

has become a popular science- fiction

theme. In 1958, the fantastical Buddha

Park sculpture garden, Xieng Kuan near

Vientiane, Laos, was created. The park is

populated with colossal Hindu- Buddhist

guardian statues (fig. 9.7), some of which

resemble vintage robots. Made of con-

crete, they are deliberately designed to

look like weathered antiquities. Mean-

while, in Japan, robots both imaginary

and real were embraced with alacrity

after World War II, a cultural feature

that some attribute to Buddhist spiritu-

ality. Masahiro Mori, a devout Buddhist,

not only was the first to articulate the

Uncanny Valley effect; he also believed

that robots could even have a “Buddhist

nature.” In some forms of Japanese and

Chinese Buddhism, moreover, there is no

Fig. 9.6. Buddha guarded by Heracles/Vajrapani, panel relief, Kushan, Gandhara, Pakistan, sec-
ond to third century AD, inv. 1970,0718.1. © The Trustees of the British Museum.