references4 ‘Notes by Mountstuart Elphinstone on the History, People and Geography
of Afghanistan and Central Asia, 1808–9’, British Library (bl), Asia and
Africa Collection: India Office Library and Records (ior), Papers of
Mountstuart Elphinstone, Mss Eur. f88/377, fol. 230.
5 Singh, Ahmad Shah, pp. 45–6.
6 Mesrob J. Seth, Armenians in India [1943] (New Delhi, 1992), p. 207. See
also H. Heras, ‘The Jesuits in Afghanistan’, New Review (16 February 1935),
pp. 139–53; Jonathan L. Lee, ‘The Armenians of Kabul and Afghanistan’,
in Cairo to Kabul: Afghan and Islamic Studies Presented to Ralph Pinder-
Wilson, ed. Warwick Ball and Leonard Harrow (London, 2002), pp. 157–62;
Edward Maclagan, The Jesuits and the Great Mogul (London, 1932), pp. 36,
133, 193, 319–22; C. H. Payne, trans., Jahangir and the Jesuits... from the
Relations of Father Fernão Guerreiro, S. J. [1930] (New Delhi, 1997), pp. 24–5.
7 Singh, Ahmad Shah, pp. 258, 358, calls him Shah Nazir, but his tombstone
gives his name as Shah Nazar Khan, see Seth, Armenians in India,
pp. 115–19. The date of the cannon’s casting is found in the abjad, or
numerical value, of the gun’s Persian dedication.
8 Haweli are the walled and gated compounds of wealthy merchants and
courtiers.
9 For the Afghan-Baluch Treaty, see Singh, Ahmad Shah, p. 214.
10 For Shah Wali Allah, see Aziz Ahmad, Studies in Islamic Culture in the
Indian Environment (Oxford, 1964), pp. 201–8; Wm. Theodore de Barry,
ed., Sources of Indian Tradition, 5th edn (New York and London, 1970),
vol. i, pp. 448–54; Olivier Roy, Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan, 2nd edn
(Cambridge and New York, 1990), pp. 55–6.
11 Singh, Ahmad Shah, p. 295; Sarbaland was a Bahadur Khel Saddozai.
12 Ibid., p. 296.
13 Ibid., pp. 128–30; John Malcolm, The History of Persia from the Most Early
Period to the Present Time, new edn (London, 1829), vol. ii, pp. 59, 64–6.
14 Singh, Ahmad Shah, p. 93; J. P. Ferrier, History of the Afghans (London,
1858), p. 79.
15 See Robert D. McChesney, Waqf in Central Asia (Princeton, nj, 1973),
pp. 198–200; Jonathan L. Lee, The ‘Ancient Supremacy’: Bukhara,
Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1732–1901 (Leiden, 1996), pp. 72–91.
16 See Warwick Ball, Archaeological Gazetteer of Afghanistan (Paris, 1981),
vol. i, pp. 91–2.
17 The citadel of Aqcha was levelled in the 1940s; see Rudolf Stuckert,
Erinnerungen an Afghanistan, 1940–1946 (Liestal, 1994), pp. 99–100.
18 See ‘Report of Ghulam Sarwar, Native agent of the Hon. East India Co.,
on Special Mission to the Country of Shah Zemaun, 1793–1795’, bl, Asia
and Africa Collection: ior, Proceedings, Bengal Secret Consultations, 1797,
p/ben/con/41.
19 Singh, Ahmad Shah, p. 71, citing the Tārīkh-i Ahmad Shāhī; Elphinstone,
Kingdom of Caubul, vol. ii, p. 288, who erroneously dates this revolt to later
in Ahmad Shah’s reign.
20 Singh, Ahmad Shah, pp. 268–70, 325; Singh says ‘Abd al-Khaliq was
executed, but he reappears in Timur Shah’s reign.