afghanistan21 Ibid., pp. 270–72. Singh claims the land was gifted voluntarily.
22 Ibid., pp. 32, 34; Munshi Mahmud al-Husaini, Tārīkh-i Ahmad Shāhī [1974]
(Peshawar, 2001), fols 20–26; ‘Aziz al-Din Wakili Popalzai, Ahmad Shāh
(Kabul, 1359 s./1980), vol. i, pp. 54–9.
23 Ferrier, History of the Afghans, pp. 73–4.
24 Elphinstone, Kingdom of Caubul, vol. ii, p. 297.
25 Singh, Ahmad Shah, p. 215.
26 Ibid., p. 268.
27 Mohammed ‘Ali, A New Guide to Afghanistan (Kabul, 1958), p. 147.
28 Ahmad ‘Ali Kohzad, Men and Events through 18th and 19th Century
Afghanistan (Kabul, 1972), p. 1.
29 Olaf Caroe, The Pathans, 550 bc–ad 1957 (Karachi, 1958), p. 259.
30 W. K. Fraser-Tytler, Afghanistan: A Study of Political Developments in
Central and Southern Asia, 3rd edn (Oxford, 1967), pp. 64–5; see also
M. Jamil Hanifi, ‘Editing the Past: Colonial Production of Hegemony
through the “Loya Jerga” in Afghanistan’, Iranian Studies, xxxvii/2
(June 2004), pp. 296–322.
31 Louis Dupree, Afghanistan, 2nd edn (Princeton, nj, 1978), p. 340.
4 Fragmentation: Timur Shah and his Successors, 1772–18241 Ganda Singh, Ahmad Shah Durrani, 2nd edn (Lahore, 1981), p. 325.
2 Arthur Conolly, A Journey to the North of India, Overland from England through
Russia, Persia, and Affghaunistaun [1838] (New Delhi, 2001), vol. ii, p. 261.
3 Mountstuart Elphinstone, An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul [1839]
(Karachi, 1972), vol. ii, pp. 300–301; J. P. Ferrier, Caravan Journeys and
Wanderings in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkistan, and Baloochistan (London,
1857), p. 97; Singh, Ahmad Shah, p. 387.
4 See Brig. C. W. Woodburn, The Bala Hissar of Kabul: Revealing a Fortress-
palace in Afghanistan (Chatham, 2009).
5 For Timur Shah and Zaman Shah’s administration, see ‘Report of Ghulam
Sarwar, Native Agent of the Hon. East India Co., on Special Mission to
the Country of Shah Zemaun, 1793–1795’, British Library, Asia and Africa
Collection: India Office Library and Records (ior), Proceedings, Bengal
Secret Consultations, 1797, p/ben/con/41, fol. 89a.
6 El phinstone, Kingdom of Caubul, vol. ii, p. 301.
7 Ibid., p. 303.
8 Arsala is sometimes referred to as Arsalan Khan. For his revolt, see
Christine Noelle, State and Tribe in Nineteenth-century Afghanistan: The
Reign of Dost Muhammad Khan (1826–1863) (Abingdon, 1997), p. 165,
and n. 188, p. 332, which lists numerous sources for this revolt; Ashiq
Muhammad Khan Durrani, ‘The Last Phase of Muslim Rule in Multan,
1753–1818’, PhD thesis, University of Multan, n. d., pp. 141–50; Elphinstone,
Kingdom of Caubul, vol. ii, pp. 302–3, who places this conspiracy after the
revolt of ‘Abd al-Khaliq Khan; J. P. Ferrier, History of the Afghans (London,
1858), p. 102; Singh, Ahmad Shah, p. 338; P. Sykes, A History of Afghanistan
[1940] (New Delhi, 1981), vol. i, p. 370.