afghanistan8 Ibid., pp. 230–32; ‘Engert to u.s. Secretary of State’, Kabul, 24 May 1943,
in United States Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States
Diplomatic Papers (henceforth frus), 1943 , vol. iv, ‘Documents on South
A s i a ’, pp. 35–6, https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu.
9 Vartan Gregorian, The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan: Politics of Reform
and Modernization, 1880–1946 (Stanford, ca, 1969), pp. 346–7; Mohammad
‘Ali, A Cultural History of Afghanistan (Kabul, 1964), chaps 2–3.
10 Rudolf Stuckert, Errinerungen an Afghanistan 1940–1946: aus dem Tagebuch
eines Schweizer Architekten (Liestal, 1994). Stuckert did not approve of the
widespread destruction and sketched some of the towns and fortifications
that were destroyed.
11 Andrew Wilson, North from Kabul (London, 1961), p. 84; see also Robert
Byron, The Road to Oxiana [1937] (London, 1981), p. 240.
12 Wilson, North from Kabul, p. 89; Rosita Forbes, Forbidden Road: Kabul
to Samarkand (London, 1937), p. 113.
13 ‘Ali, A Cultural History of Afghanistan, pp. 19–20; Mohammad ‘Ali, A New
Guide to Afghanistan, 3rd edn (Kabul, 1959), pp. 224–5.
14 See Pierre Centlivres, Un bazar d’Asie Centrale: Forme et organisation
du bazar de Tâshqurghân (Afghanistan) (Wiesbaden, 1972).
15 Personal observations and photographic archive; the gates of the
Shibarghan citadel were reused in a local house.
16 ‘Engert to Secretary of State’, Kabul, 27 January 1943, frus, 1943, vol. iv, p. 20.
17 See Shah Mahmood Miakhel, ‘Human Security and the Rule of Law,
Afghanistan’s Experience’, in The Rule of Law in Afghanistan: Missing in
Inaction, ed. Whit Mason (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 84–96.
18 See ‘Ghazi Mir Zaman Khan’, http://www.zamanifamily.org.
19 Sayed Askar Mousavi, The Hazaras of Afghanistan: An Historical, Cultural,
Economic and Political Study (Richmond, Surrey, 1998), p. 163.
20 ‘Discussion with Afghanistan Concerning Afghan Requests for Financial
Assistance and Provision of Military Equipment, etc.’, 7 January 1948, frus,
1948, vol. v/1, ‘Documents on South Asia’, pp. 492–4, https://uwdc.library.
wisc.edu.
21 ‘Memorandum of Conversation by Mr. Richard S. Leach’, 8 December 1948,
frus, 1948, vol. v/1, pp. 491–2.
22 For the Helmand Valley scheme, see Mildred Caudill, Helmand-Arghandab
Valley: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow (Lashkargah, 1969); Nick Cullather,
‘Damming Afghanistan: Modernization in a Buffer State’, Journal of
American History, lxxxix/2 (2002), pp. 512–37; Louis Dupree, Afghanistan,
2nd edn (Princeton, nj, 1978), pp. 499–507; Edward Hunter, The Past
Present: A Year in Afghanistan (London, 1959), chaps 4–5; Aloys Arthur
Michel, The Kabul, Kunduz, and Helmand Valleys and the National Economy
of Afghanistan (Washington, dc, 1959), pp. 148–64; usgs/usaid, Geolog y,
Water, and Wind in the Lower Helmand Basin, Southern Afghanistan,
Scientific Investigation Report, 2006-5182.
23 Arnold J. Toynbee, Between Oxus and Jumna (Oxford, 1961), p. 67.
24 Tudor Engineering Company, Report on the Development of the Helmand
Valley, Afghanistan (Washington, dc, 1956).