afghanistan31 agsa stands for the Pushtu, Da Afghanistan da Gato de Satalo Adara,
th e Afghanistan Interests Protection Service; khad is the acronym for
Khidmat-i Etla‘at-i Daulati, State Intelligence Service.
32 David B. Edwards, Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad
(Berkeley, ca, 2002), pp. 32–45.
33 Afghanistan Justice Project, Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes
against Humanity, 1978–2001 (Kabul, 2006), http://afghanistanjusticeproject.
org; Kate Cark, ‘Death List Published: Families of Disappeared End a
30 Year Wait for News’, 26 September 2013, Afghan Analysts Network,
http://www.afghanistan-analysts.org.
34 Chris Sibilla, ‘The Assassination of Ambassador Spike Dubs – Kabul, 1979’,
Moments in u.s. Diplomatic History, Association for Diplomatic Studies and
Training, http://adst.org.
35 M. Hassan Kakar, Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response,
1979–1982 (Berkeley, ca, and London, 1995), pp. 321–6.
36 Alexander A. Lyakhovskiy, ‘Inside the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and
the Seizure of Kabul, December 1979’, trans. Gary Goldberg and Artemy
Kalinovsky, in Cold War International History Project, Working Paper 51,
January 2007, p. 17, http://www.wilsoncenter.org.
37 Coll, G h o s t Wa r s, pp. 47–8.
38 Lyakhovskiy, ‘Inside the Soviet Invasion’, p. 13.
39 Ibid.
40 Kabul Times, 1 January 1979, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu.
41 Kakar, Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion, pp. 110–23.
42 ‘Message from the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs
(Aaron) to President Carter’, 24 December 1979, frus, 1977–1980, vol. vi,
no. 243, ‘Soviet Union’.
43 For a summary of President Carter’s hotline call to Leonid Brezhnev and
his reply on 29 December 1979, see frus, 1977–1980, vol. vi, no. 248,
‘Editor’s Note’.
44 ‘Summary of Conclusions of a Special Coordinating Committee Meeting’,
26 December 1979, frus, 1977–1980, vol. vi, no. 245.
45 Coll, G h o s t Wa r s, p. 55.
46 Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Problem of Asia and Its Effect upon International
Policies (Boston, ma, 1900).
47 Coll, G h o s t Wa r s, p. 151; Joe Stark, ‘The cia in Afghanistan: “The Good
Wa r ” ’, Middle East Report, 141 (July–August 1986), pp. 12–13.
48 Leon B. Poullada, ‘The Failure of American Diplomacy in Afghanistan’,
World Affairs, cxlv/3 (1982/3), pp. 230–52.
49 Personal conversations with Afghan refugees in Peshawar.
50 Sayyid Qutb, ‘The Scale of Human Values’ (1951), in America in an Arab
Mirror: Images of America in Arabic Travel Literature, an Anthology, 1895–
1995 , ed. Kamal Abel-Malek (New York, 2000), pp. 9–28.
51 Rafael Reuveny and Aseem Prakah, ‘The Afghanistan War and the
Breakdown of the Soviet Union’, Review of International Studies, xxv (1999),
pp. 693–708.
52 Svetlana Alexevich, Zinky Boys: Soviet Voices from a Forgotten War,