forpropagandapurposes.⁸⁴Thecoverageofvolunteers,alsowithintheOGD,was
oftenexaggerated.⁸⁵Tofurthersupportpropagandaefforts,Hoffalsoordereda
pre-warpropagandamoviebytheBJDfromGermanythatwasscreenedtwice
intheOttomanEmpire.⁸⁶
Regardingthenumbersofunderagedvolunteers,itremainsunclearhow
manyoftheOGDmemberstriedtojointhearmybeforetheywereofmilitary
age.ManyunderagedvolunteersinGermany,someofthemmembersofthe
BJD,triedtogainentryin 191 4,butmostofthemwererejected.Theyremained
asmallminority.Itwasonlyinthelastyearofthewarthatunderagedboyswere
draftedwhentheagegroupof 1901 wascalledup.⁸⁷Inasimilarvein,therecruit-
mentageintheOttomanarmydroppedfrom 20 in 191 4totheageof 18 inthe
subsequentyear.⁸⁸Thiswasfollowedbyanincreaseddraftingofunderaged
boysuntiltheendofthewaralthough thenumberswereunreliablesince
mostoftherecruitsdidnotknowtheirexactdateofbirth.⁸⁹However,theuse
ofunderagedsoldiersinOttomanservicewasnotamassphenomenon.⁹⁰It
would,therefore,bewrongtopostulatethesameenthusiasmforwarintheOtto-
Hoff,“GençDerneklerindeFedarkarlık:AlmanSiperlerineAitHakikiBirVaka”[Self-Sacrifice
InTheYouthAssociations:ARealCaseFromTheGermanTrenches],OGDM 1 – 7(1Mart 1334 /
1918), 9 – 10 andHoff,“GençDerneklerindeMüsahebat:HarbTecrübeleri”[Lecturesforthe
YouthAssociations:WarExperiences],OGDM 1 – 8(1Nisan 13 34), 5 – 6.Seeinthisregardhis
slightlyimaginaryAugust 191 4propagndaarticleonthephysical‘benefits’oftheBJDfor
youngGermanvolunteers;Hoff:“Freiweilligevor!,”Jungdeutschland-Post1August1914, 246 –
24 7.
SeethecaseofGürbüzDerneği’sactivitiesinİzmit,whereagrowth-restrictedmiddleschool
pupilwasallowedtojointheassociationsincehecouldnotvolunteerthearmyin1 912 andin
191 4.Anonymous,“KahramanTürkYaveri/EintürkischerHeld,”DieNationalverteidigung,1
June 1916 ,252.
AfterafirstscreeninginthecapitalitwassenttoBeirut;BOAMaarifNezaretiMektubiKa-
lemiDefterleri[=MF.MKT.]Do1 22 3Gö24.Thenameoftherespectivefilmremainsunclear.It
couldbe“JungdeutschlandbeiderGeländeübung”(producedinDecember 1912 ),thatiscurrent-
lypreservedintheGermanFederalArchive’sFilmArchives(BAFilmarchiv;nosignature).For
themovieseealsoAkcan,İttihatveTerakkiFırkası’nın,2 62.
AndreasGestrich,“JugendundKrieg:KriegsverarbeitungbeiJugendlicheninundnachdem
ErstenWeltkrieg,”inDasAnderewahrnehmen:BeiträgezureuropäischenGeschichte;August
Nitschkezum65.Geburtstaggewidmet,ed.MartinKintzingerandJohannesZahlten(Köln,Wei-
mar,Wien:Böhlau,1991), 63 7.
Akcan,İttihatveTerakkiFırkası’nın,2 15 ,291.
PatrickBartsch,“KinderimKrieg.Fiktion,IdeologieundRealitäteinesMotivsindertürki-
schenLiteraturamBeispielderKurzgeschichteBirÇocuk:AlekovonÖmerSeyfeddin,”inBam-
bergerOrientstudien,vol.1.ed.LaleBehzadeetal.(Bamberg:UniversityofBambergPress,2 01 4),
58.
Bartsch,“KinderimKrieg,” 60.
JungdeutschlandintheOttomanLands:HeinrichvonHoff, 1916 – 1917 121