However,theNationalSocialistsrefusedtoparticipateinanyofthestate
youthprojects.Hitler’srisetopowerinJanuary 1933 eventuallyputanendto
CarlDiem’sandtheReichswehr’sdreamsaboutaparamilitaryyouthorganiza-
tionundertheleadershipofthearmedforces.¹⁹⁶
AnkaraCalling:ReasonsforInvitingCarlDiemtoTurkey
FortheTurkishgovernment,theearly1 93 0swerealsoatimeforreviewingthe
institutionsandstepsthathadbeenundertakentoreformthecountry.Partof
thoseeffortshadalsobeenthepromotionofthesportsmovementandtheat-
temptatorganizingtheyouth.Asitbecomesevidentfromtheaforementioned
developments,olderprojectssuch astheOsmanlıGençDernekleri hadnot
been efficientenough andwererepudiated.The idea of a“Revolutionary
Youth”wasnocoincidence,sincetheTurkishstatewasunderinternalpressure
byopponentsofthenewregime.ManyMuslimmigrantsfromtheBalkanshad
participatedintheMenemenuprisingintheİzmirprovincein1 93 0.¹⁹⁷Mostof
themhadbeenexcludedfromthestate’seducationalsystemanditsKemalist
messages.Inthisregardanation-wideyouthorganizationfortheindoctrination
offuturegenerationswasseenasanurgentnecessity.AmongtheTurkishrole
modelsinthisissuewerenotonlydemocraticWestEuropeancountries(as
shownabove),butrather,especiallyinthelate 19 30s,authoritarianregimesof
thetime:Mussolini’sItaly,Stalin’sSovietUnionandHitler’sGermany.Thatis
whybytherequestforCarlDiem,theTurkishgovernmentdidnotexpressapref-
erencefortheNationalSocialistmovement.DiemwasinvitedtoTurkeyin 1932
beforetheNationalSocialistscametopower.¹⁹⁸Infact,theTurkishstatewasin-
terestedinmodernGermansportsculture,includingitsnationalistandmilitarist
featuresthatweretosupporttheformationoftheyoungnation’smilitantiden-
tity.¹⁹⁹
Ulmer,AntisemitismusinStuttgart18711933:StudienzumöffentlichenDiskursundAlltag(Berlin:
Metropol, 20 11), 28 3.
HenningKöhler,ArbeitsdienstinDeutschland:PläneundVerwirklichungsformenbiszurEin-
führungderArbeitsdienstpflichtimJahre 1935 (Berlin:Duncker&Humblot,1 96 7), 216 – 22 6.
UmutAzak,“AReactiontoAuthoritarianModernizationinTurkey:TheMenemenIncident
andtheCreationandContestationofaMyth, 1930 – 31,”inTheStateandtheSubaltern:Modern-
ization,SocietyandtheStateinTurkeyandIran,ed.TourajAtabaki(London:Tauris,2 00 7), 149 –
150.
Mangold-Will,BegrenzteFreundschaft,4 30.
Akın,GürbüzveYavuzEvlatlar,1 39 – 14 1.
AnkaraCalling:ReasonsforInvitingCarlDiemtoTurkey 143