The \'German Spirit\' in the Ottoman and Turkish Army, 1908-1938. A History of Military Knowledge Transfer - Gerhard Grüßhaber

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amtrustfulthatnooneelseotherthanyouistherightmantotakeovertheprac-
ticalimplementationoftheplan.”²⁰⁶


InHoff’sFootsteps:DieminAnatolia,September/October


1933


CarlDiemhadneverbeentoTurkeyandneverdoneanyresearchotherthanon
antiqueGreece.Hewasunfamiliarwiththepolitical,economicandsocialcon-
ditionsintheKemaliststate.IncontrasttoHeinrichvonHoff,Diemwasquite
humblefromtheverybeginning.Inhisreplytotheinvitation,hedeclared
that“[e]venthoughIstudied[...]theglorioushistoryofyourcountrydiligently
[...]Ididnotgainanoverviewofhowtostudytheorganizationofphysicalex-
erciseintoday’sTurkey,youknowthisissuemuchbetter.”²⁰⁷Hewantedto
beginwithabriefinspectionoftheexistingsportfacilitiesinschoolsandprivate
clubs,theworkoftheBoyScoutsandothergroups,aswellassportinstruction
inarmyandnavy.Diemalsohintedathisinterestinasightseeingtourofthe
ancientGreeksitesinWesternAnatoliaduringhisvisit.²⁰⁸Inadditiontothisper-
sonalinterest,theinvitationoftheTurkishstatecameattherighttimeforDiem.
TheNationalSocialistgovernmenthadtakenmeasurestogaincontrolofthefor-
merlyindependentsportorganizationsandhadcriticizedDiempersonally.²⁰⁹
DiemwasabouttolosehisinfluentialpositionintheGleichschaltungprocess
and,therefore,preferredtostayabroaduntilthingshadsettleddown.
DuetodelayscausedbytheTurkishbureaucracy,Diemandhiswifearrived
inIstanbulbytrainon4September 1933 .Hewasassistedbyalocalinterpreter,
EkremRüştü[Akömer],aGermanophileandformerofficerwho,likeHüseyin
Rahmi,hadservedinGermanyfrom 1910 to 1912 ,andwasheadedforacivilca-
reerasasportsofficialinthelate 1920 s.²¹⁰Diem’sdiarywasfullofadmiration
fortheyoungrepublic.FollowingaconversationwithhisTurkishassistants,he
notedseveralracialremarksaboutthedefenceoftheGallipolipeninsulain 1915 :


HasanCemil’sinvitationlettertoCarlDiem, 24 May1 93 3.BCA 490100 K1116D75Sıra 2
Sayfa 74.
CarlDiemtoHasanCemil,2June 1933 .BCAF4 90100 K1116D75Sıra2Sayfa33.
BCAF4 90100 K1116D75Sıra2Sayfa 33.
Becker,CarlDiemsLeben,vol.3, 34 ,61.
Schäfer-Borrmann,EkremRüştüAkömer,95.


InHoff’sFootsteps:DieminAnatolia,September/October 1933 145
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