arationforanimminentcivilwarinTurkeyratherthanfocusonthephysicaled-
ucationofTurkishyouth.²³³
Inthismilitaristsense,Diemconcludedtheproposalbycharacterizingthe
moralinstructioninalltheproposedorganizations:
“Throughphysicaleducationdifferentaimscanbeachieved,suchaspersonalhealthor
individualjoy.Theyallhavetobeincorporatedintothemilitaryreadinessofthenation.
[...]Bydeliberatefosteringofpatriotisminallclubsandallfestivitiestherewillbeasuc-
cess.ThisalsoincludesthecareforfolktraditionsandforTurkishculture,valuablecus-
tomsandpractices.”²³⁴Inthisregard,CarlDiem’sreportwastohaveanimpactonthefurtherdevelop-
mentoftheproposedTurkishyouthorganizationinthesubsequentyears.The
considerationsoftheGermanspecialistbecamethefundamentoftheongoing
debate.However,thisprocesswastobeaslowoneanddidonlyacceleratein
theendofthedecade.
ThescepticalTurkishViewoftheHitlerYouth
UponCarlDiem’sreturntoGermanytherewasinitiallynofurtherprogressre-
gardingtheyouthorganization.Instead,therewereinternaldebateswithin
theRepublicanPartyonthefurtherproceedings,orientedmostlyaroundcon-
temporarymodelsinothercountries.TheappearanceoftheHitlerYouthduring
the 1936 OlympicGamesleftanespeciallydeepimpressiononvisitorsfromTur-
key.²³⁵
In 1936 theHitlerYouthhadbecomemandatoryforeveryGermanboyand
girlandthemilitantorientationofitsparamilitaryactivitieshadbecomeevi-
dent.²³⁶AHJgroupexistedeveninIstanbulandcomposedofchildrenfrom
FortherestrictiveearlyrepublicanTurkishinteriorpolicytowardstheKurdishpopulation
seeMuratYüksel,“ErkenCumhuriyetDönemiTürkiyeʼsindeGüvenlikSiyasetiveNüfusPolitika-
ları”[SecurityPolicyandPopulationPoliciesinTurkeyintheEarlyRepublic],inTürkiye’de
Ordu,DevletveGüvenlikSiyaseti,ed.EvrenBaltaPakeretal.,(Istanbul:İstanbulBilgiÜniversi-
tesiYayınları,2010), 293 – 305.
BCAF4 90100 K1107D43Sı1, 87.
Akın,GürbüzveYavuzEvlatlar,1 49 ;CorryGuttstadt,Turkey,theJews,andtheHolocaust
(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2013), 39.
HajoBernett,“Die‘totaleMobilmachung’derdeutschenJugend:Plänezurvormilitärischen
Ertüchtigungvon1 933 – 1936 ,”Sportwissenschaft 12 (1982),3 45 – 37 5andMichaelBuddrus,“‘Vor-
militärischeAusbildung’und‘Leibeserziehung’derJugend.TrainingfürdenKriegseinsatzder
150 3German-Ottoman/TurkishCooperationintheMobilizationofYouth