statedthat“thename‘GoltzPaşa’had[...]boundandcharmed[him].”⁴⁵During
hislecturesatthewaracademyinIstanbul,GoltzintroducedtheOttomanyoung
officerstotheGermanWeltanschauung.Hismajorpublication,TheNationin
Arms(DasVolkinWaffen,1 88 3),isveryillustrativeinthisregard.Itwastrans-
latedintoOttomanTurkishasearlyas1 884 ⁴⁶andbecameacompulsorybook
inmilitaryschools.⁴⁷InthisbookGoltzsuggestedthatwarwouldbeinevitable
fortheGermansandthatthe‘nation’shouldbefullypreparedforthecoming
war.Addingtothatthemilitaryclass(e.g.theofficers)shouldhaveaprivileged
statusinsociety.TheyoungOttomanofficersembracedtheconceptofthe‘na-
tioninarms’becauseitbothofferedhopeforthehumiliatedOttomanstate
andwasapplicabletomulti-ethnicempires.⁴⁸Themodernhighermilitarytrain-
ingintheOttomanarmyprovidedupwardmobilityforamarginal,butinfluen-
tialgroupofofficers.GoltzalsoproposedthesendingofableOttomanofficersto
Germanyforthepurposeofmilitarytraining,drivenbythesilenthopethatthose
OttomanofficerswouldprefertheGermanmodelaftertheirexperience.InGer-
manytheywereexposedtothelocalmilitaryculture,aprocessthatreachedits
peakduringtheSecondConstitutionalPeriod(1908–1918).Afterthedefeatin
1918,therelationsbetweenGermanyandTurkeyflourishedandfoundtheirex-
pressioninthecontinuedemploymentofretiredGermanofficersasinstructors
intheTurkishmilitaryacademyandsendingTurkishmilitarystudentstothe
German Reichswehr and Wehrmacht between 1925 and 1939 .The Second
WorldWarbroughtaboutaTurkishreorientationtowardstheAmericanmilitary
model,oncetheFrenchandGermanwaysofwarfarehadbeendevaluedbythe
defeatin 1940 and 194 5.However,officersinfluencedbyGermanthoughtre-
PertevDemirhan,GeneralfeldmarschallColmarFreiherrvonderGoltz:DasLebensbildeines
großenSoldaten:AusmeinenpersönlichenErinnerungen(Göttingen:GöttingerVerlags-Anstalt,
1960), 16.
ColmarvonderGoltz,Millet-iMüsellaha:AsrimizinUsulveAhval-ıAskeriyesi[TheNationin
Arms:OurContemporaryPracticeandMilitaryAffairs],trans.CaptainMehmedTahir(Istanbul:
Matbaa-ıEbuzziya 1301 /1 88 5).
MehmedSükrüHanioğlu,PreparationforaRevolution:TheYoungTurks, 1902 – 1908 (Oxford,
NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress, 20 01);HandanNezirAkmeşe,TheBirthofModernTurkey:
TheOttomanMilitaryandtheMarchtoWorldWarOne(London,NewYork:I.B.Tauris,2005),
19 – 33 .ForGoltz’impactonAtatürkseealsoMehmetŞükrüHanioğlu,Atatürk:AnIntellectual
Biography(Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress,2011), 31 – 48.
JörnLeonhardandUlrikeHirschhausen,“DoestheEmpirestrikeback?TheModeloftheNa-
tioninArmsasaChallengeforMulti-EthnicEmpiresintheNineteenthandearlyTwentiethCen-
tury,”JournalofModernEuropeanHistory 5 – 2( 2007 ), 194 – 22 1.
The‘ShortGermanCenturyinOttoman/TurkishMilitaryReform’ 11