structionsthatstayedabreastofthewartimechanges.Forthisreason,thedistin-
guishedGermanstaffofficerswerehired.TheheadoftheTurkishGeneralStaff,
GeneralFevzi[Çakmak],explainedtotheGermanmilitaryattachéthattheTurk-
isharmyhadtohireKlewitzandotherGermanspecialists,“sincetheartillery
andengineerbrancheswereexclusivelybasedonGermanserviceregulations.²¹³
Bythesendingofexperiencedmenintheconductofthe‘Germanwayofwar’,
theTurkishmilitaryacademycourseswerenotrestrictedtodrytheory.Itwasthe
fundamentforrealisticoperationallessons.However,thesecoursescouldalso
resembleex-cathdreateachinginordertoeducateyoungofficersinadesireddi-
rection.AretiredGermanofficercommentedthefollowingwayontheuseof
WorldWarOneveteransintheWehrmacht:
“Itisnottaughthowitshouldhavebeendone,buthowtheleadersandthesoldiers[...]
knewhowtodefeattheenemybrilliantlyandhowtheyknewtodiebackthen.[...]
Everystudenthastonailhiscolourstothemast,isnaileddowntoafirmdecision.[...]
Thiskindoflessonimpartsalloftherealknowledgeontotheofficerofthenewarmy
whichheneedsasasetoftoolstogotowarunprejudiced,asallofusdidin 191 4to
keepawholeworldofenemiesincheckandonedgeforfourlongyears.”²¹⁴However,teachingthesetypeofcoursestookalotofeffort.WorkingfortheTurk-
ishmilitaryacademyasaforeignerwashardearnedmoney.MaximilianBraun,
whojoinedTurkishserviceoutofpoliticalpersecutionin 1934 ,statedinaletter
toafriendbackinGermanythatheoftenhadtowork 16 hoursaday:
“Everyspokenwordhastobewrittendownbyme,sincethereisnotypist[Edeltipse]avail-
ableforme[...].Eachhourofpresentationrequiresfourhoursofwork.Onehastothinkof
everywordonehundredtimesinhismindsinceonehastotaketheresponsibilityforitin
frontoftheentirearmy.ThewordofaGermanspecialistcountsasaBibleword.Godforbid
ifthereisacontradiction!Mywholeannualworkisimmediatelyprintedasabookanddis-
tributedforthearmyinallbranches.Ittherebybecomesatrainingmanual.Especiallyin
myfield–armymotorization,armouredcars,aircraft,airdefence–atiredlessstudyoflit-
eratureofallnationsisneeded,whichaddstomypreparationofthecourses.Whatisnew
todayisalreadyoldbytomorrow.Well,Iamcontent.Theworkabsolutelyfascinatesme.
Besides,mystudentsparticipatewithremarkableefforts.Tocatchandidentifyeverything
new,everyprogressisintheessenceoftoday’sTurkishpeople,whoresembletheJapanese
inmanyregeards.ToreachEurope,evenbeatingEuropeistheorderoftheday!Andthey
arerightfromthepointoftheircommendable,correctnationalattitude.IfIcancontribute
tomake[theTurkishmilitary]abitmoreGermanyorientedthen‘myexile’isnotinvane.”²¹⁵NadolnytotheForeignOffice, 14 February 1925 .AA-PAR7 8561.
Badinski,“DieAufgabenunsererkriegsgeschichtlichenForschung,” 1419.
MaximilianBraun’slettertoGerhardBöhme, 17 April 1935 .BayHStAIVOP 6143 2, 2 – 3.
GermanstotheLectureRoomFont, 1925 – 1939 209