(onallfronts)thathadbeenquestionedbythevictorypowers.Inhisaccountof
theGerman-Ottomanalliance,CarlMühlmannconcentratedmainlyonstrategic
andoperationalhistory,usingarchivalsourcesthatwentmissingin 194 5.⁶⁶
Moreover,hebenefittedfromhisownexperienceinOttomanserviceandthenu-
merousquestionnaireshehadsentouttotheGermanparticipantsofthemilitary
mission.Nonetheless,theOttomanperspectivewasabsentinthisaccount,most
likelyduetotheauthor’sinadequatelanguageskills.Mühlmann’sresearchhada
clearlypoliticalandnotascientificaim,namelythehopeforanewalliancewith
RepublicanTurkeyinthebeginningSecondWorldWaronthebaseofshared
history.OneofthefirststudiestousethegrowingnumberofTurkishmemoir-
swasundertakenbyJamesMacGarity.⁶⁷Withtheopeningofthewartimefiles
oftheArchivesofthe(West)GermanForeignMinistry,previouslyunavailable
toMühlmann,UlrichTrumpenerwasabletorevealtheunderlyingdiplomatic
negotiationsofthealliance.⁶⁸Trumpeneralsoprovedthattherulingcircleof
theCommitteeforUnionandProgressalwaysremainedatthehelmdespite
theGermanGeneral’sdecisionalclaimsinwarfarethroughouttheFirstWorld
War.⁶⁹Nevertheless,theuseofunpublishedpersonalnarrativesofthemilitary
personnelengagedinthewarremainedscarceuntilthegroundbreakingstudy
byJehudaWallach.⁷⁰Forthefirsttimearchivalandpublishedmemoirsand
theofficialnarrativewerebroughtintoabalancedproportion.Wallachwent
intogreatdetailatthecostofintermittentlylosinghisfocus.Wallach’sextensive
useofsourceslackedamethodology.Nevertheless,inWallach’s,justlikein
Trumpeter’sstudy,Ottomansourceshavealsobeenneglected.Thischanged
slightlyinOrtaylı’sstudyoftheGermanforeignpolicytowardstheOttomanEm-
pire,firstpublishedin 198 3.⁷¹However,Ottomansourceswerealsoomittedin
Hans-WernerNeulen’sratherpopularscientificmonographonthedeployment
ofGermantroopsattheOttomantheatersofwar.Hisworkalsoshedslighton
theculturalaspectsoftheGerman-Ottomanrelationship,accordingtoNeulen
oneof‘brothersinarms’.⁷²Butsuchone-sidedviewsoftheGerman-Ottoman
CarlMühlmann,Dasdeutsch-türkischeWaffenbündnisimWeltkriege(Berlin:Koehler,1940).
JamesMacGarity,“ForeignInfluenceontheOttomanTurkishArmy, 1880 – 1918 ”(PhDdiss.,
AmericanUniversityWashingtonD.C.,1968).
UlrichTrumpener,GermanyandtheOttomanEmpire1 914 – 1918 (Princeton:PrincetonUni-
versityPress,1968).
Trumpener,GermanyandtheOttomanEmpire,71, 105.
Wallach,AnatomieeinerMilitärhilfe.
İlberOrtaylı,OsmanlıİmparatorluğundaAlmanNüfuzu[GermanInfluenceintheOttomanEm-
pire],10thed.(Istanbul:TimaşYayınları,2008), 101 – 12 3.
HansWernerNeulen,FeldgrauinJerusalem:DasLevantekorpsdeskaiserlichenDeutschland,
2nded.(Munich:Universitas,2 00 2),passim.
16 1Introduction