372 Between Yesterday and Tomorrow (1914– )to persuade his country to ratify the World Court Statute, but who went
onto the Court bench himself in 1936. Other major liberal fi gures of the
period included James Shotwell of Columbia University and also the Carn-
egie Endowment for International Peace and Charles Fenwick of Bryn Mawr
College (where Woodrow Wilson had previously taught). Perhaps the most
prominent of the American liberals was Quincy Wright (the brother, inci-
dentally, of the famous population biologist Sewell Wright). Wright helped
to establish the fi rst program in international relations in his country in
1931, at the University of Chicago, where he taught po liti cal science. He was
a consistent champion of closer cooperation between the United States and
the League and an advocate of the view that traditional neutrality law was
being superseded by collective security.
In Eu rope, liberalism had two prominent spokesmen, one in public life
and the other in the academic world. Th e public fi gure was Nicolas Politis.
We have encountered him as the foreign minister of Greece at the time of
the Paris Peace Conference. He continued to be active in government ser-
vice. As an ardent champion of collective security, he was an appropriate
(and dedicated) representative of his country at the League headquarters in
Geneva. In this vein, he (like Wright in the United States) was outspoken in
his belief that the traditional law of neutrality must be regarded as obsolete
in an age of collective security. It had been replaced by a duty on the part of
all states to band together to defeat aggressors— if not by military means,
then at least by abandoning the old neutral idea of impartiality and em-
bracing the notion of a duty to assist victims of aggression and to isolate
aggressors.
Th e other major liberal fi gure was an academic, Hersch Lauterpacht, who
was British by adoption, though originally from Galicia (the Austrian-
owned portion of Poland). His father was a timber merchant. When young
Lauterpacht was mobilized into the Austrian armed forces in the Great War,
he was put to work in his father’s factory, which had been requisitioned. Af-
ter the war, he studied at the University of Vienna, under Kelsen, although
he would go on to reject many of his teacher’s doctrines. In 1923, and barely
able to speak En glish, he moved to Britain and worked as a research assis-
tant for Arnold McNair (a future World Court judge) at the London School
of Economics. He became a lecturer himself, and a British national, also
qualifying as a lawyer in En gland. In 1938, he was installed in the Whewell