Cicero, Tu s c u l a n D i s p u t a t i o n s , trans. J. E. King (London: William Heinemann,
1927 [45 bc]), 37.
Gaius, Institutes, 3.
Digest 1.1.3 (Ulpian).
Digest 1.1.4 (Ulpian).
Digest 1.4 (Ulpian).
Digest 1.5 (Hermogenian).
Keeping Kings in Check
David Abulafi a, Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor (New York: Oxford University
Press, 1988), 366– 74. See also Wilhelm G. Grewe, ed., Fontes Historiae Juris Gentium:
Sources Relating to the History of the Law of Nations, vol. 1 (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter,
1988), 294– 97, 585– 86.
Abulafi a, Frederick II, 375.
See Chapter 6.
Kenneth Pennington, Th e Prince and the Law, 1200– 1600: Sovereignty and Rights in
the Western Legal Tradition (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993), 197.
Dante Alighieri, Monarchia, ed. and trans. Prue Shaw (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1996 [ca. 1314]), 13.
Ibid., 24– 25.
C. R. Cheney, “King John’s Reaction to the Interdict on En gland,” 31 (4th ser.)
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 129– 50 (1949).
John B. Morrall, Po liti cal Th ought in Medieval Times, 2nd ed. (London: Hutchin-
son, 1960), 54; and Walter Ullmann, A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages
(London: Methuen, 1972), 103.
Grewe, ed., Fontes, vol. 1, 519– 20.
Novit Ille, in Sidney Z. Ehler and John B. Morrall, eds. and trans., Church and
State through the Centuries: A Collection of Historic Documents with Commentaries,
69– 71 (New York: Biblio and Tannen, 1967).
Morrall, Po liti cal Th ought, 84– 85.
See I. S. Robinson, “Church and Papacy,” in J. H. Burns, ed., Th e Cambridge His-
tory of Medieval Po liti cal Th ought c. 350– c. 1450, 252– 305 (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1988), 299– 304.
Grewe, ed., Fontes, vol. 1, 582– 83.
Ibid., 583– 85.
Gaines Post, Studies in Medieval Legal Th ought: Public Law and the State, 1100–
1322 (Prince ton, NJ: Prince ton University Press, 1964), 438– 39.
Ullmann, History, 284– 85.
J. C. Holt, Magna Carta, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992),
373– 75.
