Alanus Anglicus, Commentary on Distinction 96 (of Gratian), quoted in Brian
Tierney, ed., Crisis of Church and State 1050– 1300 (Englewood Cliff s, NJ: Prentice-
Hall, 1964), 124. See also Post, Studies, 464– 66; and Morrall, Po liti cal Th ought, 93.
Aquinas, Po liti cal Writings, 163– 65.
Ibid., 135. On Aquinas’s view of the ius gentium, see G. Le Bras, C. Lefebvre, and
J. Rambaud, Histoire du droit et des institutions de l’Église en Occident: L’Âge classique
1140– 1378: Sources et théories du droit (Paris: Sirey, 1965), 391– 92; and Matthias Lutz-
Bachmann, “Th e Concept of the Normativity of Law: ‘Ius Gentium’ in the Writings of
Francisco Suárez and Th omas Aquinas,” in Th ilo Marauhn and Heinhard Steiger,
eds., Universality and Continuity in International Law, 235– 47 (Th e Hague: Eleven
International, 2011), 242– 45.
Post, Studies, 535– 49.
See Chapter 4.
For the consensus of canon lawyers on this conclusion, see Post, Studies, 527.
Grewe, ed., Fontes, vol. 1, 568– 69.
On the participation of clerics in wars, see ibid., 186– 94.
On causa, see Nys, Origines, 95– 139; and Frederick H. Russell, Th e Just War in
the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), 219– 22.
For a thorough exposition of self- defense in the narrower sense, see John of
Legnano, Tractatus de Bello, des Respresaliis et du Duello, ed. T. E. Holland; trans. J. L.
Brierly (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1917 [ca. 1360]), 276– 306.
See Russell, Just War, 278.
Stephen C. Neff , Th e Rights and Duties of Neutrals: A General History (Manches-
ter: Manchester University Press, 2000), 7– 10.
See, for example, Honoré Bonet, Th e Tree of Battles, trans. G. W. Coopland (Liv-
erpool: Liverpool University Press, 1949 [1387]), 117– 18.
See Chapters 4 and 5.
James A. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law (London: Longman, 1995), 116– 17.
Lauro Martines, Power and Imagination: City- States in Re nais sance Italy (Har-
mondsworth: Penguin, 1979), 171– 75.
J. P. Canning, “Law, Sovereignty and Corporation Th eory, 1300– 1450,” in
Burns, ed., Th e Cambridge History of Medieval Po liti cal Th ought c. 350– c. 1450,
454– 76 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 469– 73.
J. K. Hyde, Society and Politics in Medieval Italy: Th e Evolution of the Civil Life,
1000– 1350 (London: Macmillan, 1973), 96– 98.
Peace of Constance, in Frederic Austin Ogg, ed., A Source Book of Mediaeval
History (New York: American, 1908), 400– 02.
Martines, Power and Imagination, 25– 28.
Bernard Guenée, States and Rulers in Later Medieval Eu rope, trans. Julet Vale
(Oxford: Basil Blackewell, 1985), 13.
Hinsley, Sovereignty, 81– 82.
Angelo Piero Sereni, Th e Italian Conception of International Law (New York:
Columbia University Press, 1943), 58– 63.
