- Treaty of Paris, Mar. 30, 1856, 114 CTS 409, art. 7. See also Tetsuya Toyoda,
“L’aspect universaliste du droit international européen du 19ème siècle et le statut
juridique de la Turquie avant 1856,” 8 JHIL 19– 37 (2006); and Gong, Standard,
106– 19. - See Edward V. Gulick, Peter Parker and the Opening of China (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1973). On the Chinese role in the international system, see
Immanuel C. Y. Hsü, China’s Entrance into the Family of Nations: Th e Diplomatic
Pha se 1858– 1880 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960); and Gong, Stan-
dard, 130– 63. - Emmerich de Vattel, Th e Law of Nations; or, Th e Principles of Natural Law Ap-
plied to the Conduct and to the Aff airs of the Nations and Sovereigns, trans. Charles G.
Fenwick (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 1916 [1758]), 40. - Ibid., 235. See Gulick, Peter Parker, 89– 90.
- Lydia H. Liu, “Legislating the Universal: Th e Circulation of International Law in
the Nineteenth Century,” in Lydia H. Liu, ed., Tokens of Exchange: Th e Problem of
Translation in Global Circulations, 127– 64 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press,
1999), 136– 46. - Ibid., 143.
- Hsü, China’s Entrance, 125– 38; and Jing Liao, “Th e Contributions of Nineteenth-
Century Christian Missionaries to Chinese Library Reform,” 41 Libraries and Culture
360– 71 (2006), 365. - Hsü, China’s Entrance, 138. On Martin’s life and career, see generally Ralph R.
Covell, W. A. P. Martin, Pioneer of Progress in China (Washington, DC: Christian
University Press, 1976). On the translation of international- law texts into Chinese,
see Rune Svarverud, International Law as World Order in Late Imperial China:
Translation, Reception and Discourse, 1847– 1911 (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 75– 98,
102– 27. - See Chapter 5.
- On the importance of positivist and utilitarian thought in Nishi’s later writing
and teaching, see generally Th omas R. H. Havens, “Comte, Mill, and the Th ought of
Nishi Amane in Meiji Japan,” 27 J. Asian Stud. 217– 28 (1968). - John Peter Stern, Th e Japa nese Interpretation of the “Law of Nations,” 1854– 1874
(Prince ton, NJ: Prince ton University Press, 1979), 77– 78. - Ibid., 63– 66, 70– 71.
- Ibid., 81.
- Takahashi Sakuyei, Th e Infl uence of Grotius in the Far East (New York: Brook-
lyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, 1908), 12– 13. - See Takahashi Sakuyei, Th e Application of International Law during the Chino-
Japanese War (London: Stevens and Sons, 1898); and Ariga Nagao, La guerre sino-
japonaise au point de vue du droit international (Paris: A. Pedone, 1896). - Alexis Dudden, “Japan’s Engagement with International Terms,” in Liu, ed.,
Tokens of Exchange, 184– 85.
530 Notes to Pages 312–315