620 Index
Perestroika, 443
Pérez de Cabrera, Juan, 116
Perfection, quest for, 184, 189, 196
Permanent Court of Arbitration, 330– 331,
354, 446
Permanent Court of International Justice
(World Court), 353– 357, 359, 360, 380,
382; United States and, 371– 372. See also
Permanent Court of International
Justice (World Court) cases
Permanent Court of International Justice
(World Court) cases, 356– 357, 360– 361;
Wimbledon, 346, 356; Austro- German
Customs Union, 356– 357, 380; Lotus,
366, 369
Permanent Sugar Commission, 289
Persia: ancient empire, 10, 30; alliance with
Holy Roman Empire, 150; as a barbarian
state, 311– 312; ex t rater r itor ia l it y, 359.
See also Iran
Per sis tent- objector principle, 418– 419
Peru, 92, 124– 125, 306, 317, 406
Pessôa, Epitácio da Silva, 348, 355
Peters, Anne, 454
Philip I (of France), 58
Philip II (of France), 56
Philip II (of Spain), 121, 133, 148
Philip IV (of France), 57, 58– 59
Philip of Swabia, 58
Philippines, 110
Phillimore, Robert, 307, 311
Physiocracy and physiocrats, 205– 206,
270– 271. See also Freedom of trade;
Liberalism
“Pie powder” courts, 87
Pillet, Antoine, 262, 302, 378
Pinochet, Augusto, 472
Piracy, 89, 335, 469, 470. See also Universal
jurisdiction
Pizarro, Francisco, 92, 123, 124
Plato, 11, 25, 26, 27, 35, 42
Pliny, Elder, 14
Plutarch, 11, 44
Poland, 58, 103– 105, 343, 346, 348, 356,
360, 380, 390
Politis, Nicolas, 303, 347– 348, 349, 372,
374– 375
Polybius, 33
Pompey (Cneius Pompeius Magnus), 469
Porter, Horace, 338
Porter Convention, 338. See also Pact of
Paris; Use of force, prohibition against
Portugal, 57, 58, 107, 108– 111, 115,
126– 127, 131– 134, 153– 154
Positive law, 42, 154– 155, 181, 223, 375;
Chinese legalism, 23– 24, 223; of nations,
156, 175, 181, 262– 263, 263– 264, 267,
322, 379– 381, 403. See also Grotian
School; Legislation, international;
Positive philosophy; Positivism
(general); Pragmatist writers of the
seventeenth and eigh teenth centuries;
Treaties (general); Treaties, bilateral;
Treat ies, mu lt i latera l
Positive philosophy, 218, 222– 223, 224,- See also Positive law; Positivism
(general)
Positivism (general): and Chinese legalism,
23– 24, 223; precursors of, 79, 146, 162,
165– 166, 194, 200, 201; rejection of
natural law by, 218, 221– 222, 223– 225,
228, 229, 230– 231, 239, 245, 248, 251,
256, 257, 258; in the nineteenth century,
221– 259, 260– 261, 261– 262, 279, 294,
299 – 30 0, 310 – 311, 318, 319, 334, 338,
455; mainstream, 222, 243– 259,
260– 261, 268, 295, 322; antirationalist
ethos of, 223, 238, 371, 416, 424; attacks
on, 258– 259, 267– 269, 309, 339, 351, 373,
375– 376, 382, 423, 426, 427, 465; and
liberalism, 275– 277, 278, 423– 424;
and the historical school, 279; and
the nationality school, 279– 280; and
solidarism, 285, 286, 290, 294, 374, 424,
426, 427– 428, 430, 458; and codifi cation,
321– 322; and socialism, 344, 384,
385– 386, 404, 408, 414, 420– 422; in
the interwar period, 364– 366, 380– 381;
and the Vienna School, 367– 370; and
fascism, 386; and realism, 392;
post–World War II, 415– 422, 451– 452,
461, 473; and the Th ird World, 433; and
critical legal studies, 460, 461. See also
Calvo Doctrine; Common- will variant