Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Sardiniaagreed to an alliance.
Austrian and Sardinian forces responded with a siege of Genoa, occu-
pying it in 1746. French efforts to expel the Austrians proved unsuc-
cessful, but Austrian forces were eventually expelled by popular upris-
ing in Genoa. A second Austrian siege proved unsuccessful as the war
was near its conclusion. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle restored the
Republic of Genoa to its antebellum state.
Description of Terms
This offensive and defensive alliance pledged mutual friendship
and security. All parties committed to continue fighting until all
allied partners were satisfied, with no states signing a separate
peace treaty.
The Genoese pledged to send 10,000 troops to support the
Spanish forces in Italy. Further, Genoa’s support of Dom
Philippe in northern Italy would be rewarded with an extension
of Genoese territory.
2.1089 Treaty of Alliance between Russia and
Sweden
Alliance Members:Russia and Sweden
Signed On:June 14, 1745, in the city of St. Petersburg
Alliance Type:Defense Pact (Type I)
Source:Consolidated Treaty Series,vol. 37, p. 395.
SUMMARY
Sweden relented and appointed Adolf Frederick as heir to the Swedish
throne by the terms of the Treaty of Åbo, which concluded conflict
between the Russians and the Swedes in 1743. By establishing a
stronger pro-Russia presence in Sweden with Adolf Frederick, Russia
coerced Sweden into an alliance in June 1745 to compensate for the
loss of Brandenburg and Prussia to a French alliance under Frederick
the Great.
Unfortunately for the Russians, Adolf Frederick never became the
strong presence for their interests in Sweden during the War of Aus-
trian Succession. In 1744, he married the sister of Frederick the Great,
which countered Russian influence on Adolf Frederick. Further, the
pro-Russian party in the Riksdag failed to capture power in the
1746–1747 elections. By May 1747, Sweden had signed an alliance
with Prussia, to the great chagrin of Russia. By 1748, the War of Aus-
trian Succession was over.
Description of Terms
The treaty confirmed the Peace of Åbo of August 7, 1743. The
parties stated that this alliance was not directed against any
other powers. The two parties agreed to maintain communica-
tion, and if their efforts for mutual security failed, they would
call upon the other for military aid. If Sweden were attacked,
Russia would assist with 12,000 foot soldiers, 400 horses, nine
ships of the line, and three frigates.
Both parties pledged not to invite or accept a third power as
a member of the alliance without the consent of the other. The
parties also agreed that neither would resort to reprisals against
the other but would instead proceed to diplomatic representa-
tion.
The alliance stipulated that a commercial treaty would be
negotiated between the two parties. The alliance was to be for
twelve years and renewable with ratification within two
months.2.1090 Treaty of Alliance between Russia and
Denmark
Alliance Members:Russia and Denmark
Signed On:June 10, 1746, in the city of St. Petersburg
Alliance Type:Defense Pact (Type I)
Source:Consolidated Treaty Series,vol. 37, p. 493.
Additional Citations:Koch,vol. 1, p. 432.SUMMARY
In the five years following the peace with Sweden at Turku in 1743 and
before the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, Russia identified Prussia
as a significant threat to Russia’s western possessions, principally
Courland and Livonia. Russia felt the only way to secure these territo-
ries was an alliance with both Austria and Denmark. In June 1746,
Russia signed an alliance with Austria and entered the war during its
final stages. Eight days later, Russia also signed this defensive alliance
with Denmark in St. Petersburg.
The alliance with Denmark may have come several months too late.
The Treaty of Dresden signed in December 1745 ended the conflict
between Prussia and Austria. By the time this alliance was signed, the
remaining conflicts were between Austria and England against France
in Spain, in the Austrian Netherlands, and in Italy. Thus, Denmark
avoided any direct participation in the War of Austrian Succession.Description of Terms
This treaty provided Denmark with commitments similar to
those Russia gave to Sweden the year before; namely, direct
communication, aid from Russia in case of attack, and the
promise of mediation rather than an intra-allied conflict.
Kochstates that the French text reproduced in Consolidated
Treaty Seriesis incomplete, lacking two secret articles. The sec-
ond of these articles sought to transfer succession rights from
Denmark to Sweden of Schleswig and Holstein in exchange for
the territories of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst.2.1091 Treaty of Alliance between Austria-
Hungary and Sardinia
Alliance Members:Austria-Hungary and Sardinia
Signed On:May 3, 1747, in the city of Turin (Italy)
Alliance Type:Defense Pact (Type I)
Source:Consolidated Treaty Series,vol. 38, p. 85.