Treaty between the Two Sicilies and Austria-Hungary3.1131 Secret Treaty among Great Britain, Aus-
tria-Hungary, and France against Prussia and
Russia
Alliance Members:Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Bavaria,
Hanover, and the Netherlands
Signed On:January 3, 1815, in the city of Vienna. In force until Feb-
ruary 8, 1815, upon agreement on the territorial division of Saxony.
Alliance Type:Defense Pact (Type I)
Source:British Foreign and State Papers,vol. 2, p. 1001.
SUMMARY
This alliance was a response to the joint Prussian-Russian plan to
redistribute Poland and Saxony. The plan called for the transferring of
Prussian and Austrian shares of Polish territory to the Russians, who
would then establish an independent but Russian-influenced King-
dom of Poland. In return for its shares of redistributed land, Prussia
would receive all of Saxony, whose king did not abandon the
Napoleonic cause early enough in the conflict.
The secret alliance called for joint action if the Prussian-Russian plan
was implemented. The Russians failed to press their territorial claims
and settled for a compromise of the territory surrounding Warsaw
while Prussia received a minority of the territory in Saxony. With the
compromise, the very brief alliance ended.
Description of Terms
Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, and France will respect the
Treaty of Paris. If one party is menaced, the other two will, by a
friendly intervention, try to stop the aggressor. If one party is
attacked, the other two countries will each provide 120,000
infantrymen and 30,000 cavalrymen. The assisting countries
must be ready six weeks after notification.
England may give its help with foreign troops if it wishes or
will pay twenty pounds sterling for every infantryman and
thirty pounds sterling for every cavalryman per year until the
help is provided. The three countries agree that in time of war
they will coordinate on strategy. If the help mentioned in this
treaty would not be enough, the three parties will renegotiate.
None of the allies will make peace without the others. This
treaty will not interfere with previous treaties and does not for-
bid the allies to make other treaties. The allies, having no expan-
sionist view in mind and only wanting to mutually protect each
other if a war were to break out, would use the frontiers of the
Treaty of Paris. Other countries might be invited to this treaty.
England will have to respond to attacks on the territories of the
king of Hanover, the territories of the United Provinces, or any
other territories under its administration as an attack on its
own territory. Bavaria, Hanover, and the United Provinces will
be invited to this treaty.
3.1132 Treaty between Hesse-Darmstadt and
Austria-Hungary
Alliance Members:Hesse-Darmstadt and Austria-Hungary
Signed On:January 14, 1815, in the city of Vienna. In force until June
8, 1815, with the creation of the German Confederation.
Alliance Type:Defense Pact (Type I)
Source:Neumann,vol. 2, p. 499.
Additional Citations:Consolidated Treaty Series,vol. 63, p. 449.SUMMARY
This brief alliance was a guarantee to the grand duchy of Hesse by
Austria-Hungary during the negotiations at the Congress of Vienna.
Hesse-Darmstadt had participated in Napoleon’s Confederation of the
Rhine and was likely to have to cede a significant amount of territory
in the postwar negotiations.
Ultimately, Hesse lost the duchy of Westphalia to Prussia but also
gained the important fortifications at Mainz, on the western bank of
the Rhine. The formation of the German Confederation, which guar-
anteed Hesse’s independence and sovereignty, effectively ended the
need for this alliance’s security guarantee.Description of Terms
Hesse-Darmstadt, wanting to attach itself to Vienna and
Bavaria, promised not to make an alliance with any other coun-
try. If the negotiations at Vienna were to fail, the grand duke
promised to provide to its august allies, fifteen days after notifi-
cation, 5,400 infantrymen, 400 cavalry, and 200 artillerymen.
Those troops would be under the command of Hesse-Darm-
stadt. Hesse-Darmstadt would be guaranteed independence and
sovereignty in the Germanic Confederation. Vienna would give
aid in money to Hesse-Darmstadt so it could fulfill its engage-
ments to its allies. This treaty was to be kept secret and could
only be communicated with common accord.3.1133 Treaty between the Two Sicilies and
Austria-Hungary
Alliance Members:Two Sicilies and Austria-Hungary
Signed On:April 29, 1815, in the city of Vienna. In force until June
12, 1815, when it was replaced by another alliance between the two
countries.
Alliance Type:Defense Pact (Type I)
Source:Neumann,vol. 2, p. 561.
Additional Citations:Consolidated Treaty Series,vol. 64, p. 121.SUMMARY
Joachim Murat had succeeded Joseph Bonaparte as the French-
installed king of Naples during the Napoleonic Wars. Following the
defeat of Napoleon, however, Murat was dethroned (in 1815), allow-
ing Ferdinand to return to the kingdom he had fled in 1806. This
treaty aligned Ferdinand’s forces with Austria-Hungary in order to
defeat the remaining supporters of Bonaparte’s regime. Ferdinand
gave up much in the treaty because the Two Sicilies became largely
subservient to Austrian rule.