Alliance between Colombia and Ecuadorof the respective citizens shall not be subjected to any kind of
confiscation or sequestration, nor to other charges or imposi-
tions than those exacted from the natives. Neither during the
interruption of the peace shall the amounts owing to them by
private individuals, the public debts, bank or other shares, that
may belong to them be taken away, sequestrated, or confiscated.
XIX. Each of the Contracting Parties may give asylum to the
deserters of the other ; but the arms, horses, and equipments
that they may take with them must be returned ; they are to be
delivered for that purpose to the first frontier authority of the
state to which they belong.
XX. Neither of the two States shall give service under their
flag to the deserters mentioned in the foregoing article.
XXI. Both the Contracting Parties, with the purpose of doing
away with every cause for misunderstanding between them,
bind themselves to arrange definitively the limits of their
respective territories, appointing within the term that they may
mutually agree to after the exchange of the ratifications of the
present Treaty, a Mixed Commission to make the topographical
chart of the frontiers, and to verify the demarcation according
to the data and instructions which shall be duly given by both
the parties, and which work shall be taken into consideration
for a Treaty of Limits which shall be promptly concluded.
XXII. Until the provision in the foregoing Article is effected,
the actual limits shall be recognised and respected.
XXIII. Both the Contracting Parties bind themselves to enter,
after the conclusion of the present Treaty, and at the latest
within four months from its having been signed by the Plenipo-
tentiaries, into a Treaty of Commerce and Customs, in which a
Consular Convention shall be included, and it is understood
that from now the establishment of Consuls is permitted, the
same as is the case with the most favoured nations, and with
their respective Consular assistants.
They also agree to give the most ample freedom for the
reciprocal commerce of both countries, and to establish full
exemption from duties on the natural products of both. Conse-
quently, only those shall be collected which are known as
“municipal,” such as highway, bridge, and other dues reputed as
a remuneration for services which the merchant receives and
not as an imposition.
XXIV. Until the Treaty of Commerce is concluded, the mer-
cantile relations shall be maintained in their present state, and
consequently the absolute freedom of transit which Bolivia now
enjoys through Arica for all the products of her soil and indus-
try exported to foreign parts, as well as for the foreign merchan-
dize imported into Bolivia by that route shall continue.
XXV. Both Contracting Parties also bind themselves to enter
into a Postal Convention to facilitate and insure the epistolary
correspondence between the two nations.
XXVI. The Republics of Peru and Bolivia, in submission to
their common social antecedents, to the demands of the present
times, and to the principles that should reign among all the
people of America, declare : that any disputes which may unfor-
tunately arise between them, either from misunderstanding any
of the Articles of the present Treaty, or from any other cause,
shall not be decided by armed force. They declare that war shall
not be the means of doing themselves justice, nor of forcing the
fulfilment of this Treaty, nor of those that may be henceforward
concluded ; and in the case that the good harmony existing, and
which they will endeavour to preserve by all possible means,
should unfortunately be interrupted, they shall send an
explanatory statement containing the demands of the one
against the other, and if by that means they should not obtain
the due reparation, they agree from now, to submit the decision
of their differences to the arbitration of one of the Govern-
ments of this or the other continent ; and if they should not
agree as to the choice of the arbitrator, each of the two
Republics shall name hers so that both arbitrators may resolve
the question and select an umpire who may, in case of discord,
put an end to it.
The two High Contracting Parties solemnly bind themselves,
under the guarantee of the national honour, to fulfil the resolu-
tion of the arbitrators without opposing any exception whatever.
XXVII. The same Contracting Parties declare and stipulate
that if one or more citizens of either of the Republics should
break one or more of the Articles contained in the present
Treaty, the said citizens shall be personally responsible for the
infraction, without this interrupting the good harmony and the
reciprocal friendship of the two nations, who bind themselves
not to protect those who do so.
XXVIII. The present Treaty shall be observed and shall be in
full force 40 days after the exchange of the ratifications, and shall
be observed for an indefinite time; it shall only cease to exist 18
months after the date at which one of the High Contracting Par-
ties notifies to the other the resolution to terminate it.
XXIX. The exchange shall be effected at Sucre, 60 days after
the ratifications. In faith whereof the respective Plenipoten-
tiaries have signed and sealed the present Treaty.
Done in duplicate, in Lima, the 5th day of the month of
November of the year 1863.
(L.S.) JUAN ANTONIO RIBEYRO.
(L.S.) JUAN DE LA CRUZ BENAVENTE.
JOSE ANTONIO BARRENECHEA, Chief Clerk.3.1174 Alliance between Colombia and Ecuador
Alliance Members:Colombia and Ecuador
Signed On:January 1, 1864, at the Hacienda Pinsaquí (Otavalo,
Ecuador). In force until January 30, 1866, when Colombia failed to
aid Ecuador in its war with Spain.
Alliance Type:Defense Pact (Type I)
Source:Consolidated Treaty Series,vol. 129, p. 32.SUMMARY
The lack of clear borders differentiating the former Spanish colonies
led to periodic border disputes. The clashes flared dramatically during