Convention between France and Italy for the Protection of the Pontificate Territory (September Convention)moreover be established for the direction of the war, the com-
mand in chief of the united army, prizes, war booty, and the
indemnification and payment for the assistance rendered.
VI. In order to establish the uniformity stipulated by Article
III the Contracting Governments shall agree upon the necessary
projects to be presented to their respective Congresses, mutually
transmitting to one another the reports, data, documents, and
statistics, for the elucidation thereof.
VII. With the laudable object of throwing into oblivion the
immediate consequences of the war just ended, the two Gov-
ernments specially agree upon declaring themselves satisfied
and their motives of complaint cancelled, without, however,
invalidating the rights of private individuals to sue for loss and
damage of their property ; such persons shall furnish the neces-
sary proofs for establishing their claim and obtaining justice
from the responsible Government.
VIII. The present agreement shall be ratified by the Govern-
ment of the United States of Colombia and by the Government
of the Republic of Ecuador, after it has obtained the Legislative
action required by their respective Constitutions, and the ratifi-
cations shall be exchanged in the city of Panama, within the
term of 4 months, or sooner, if possible. In faith whereof, we,
the Plenipotentiaries of the United States of Colombia, and of
the Republic of Ecuador, have hereunto set our hands and seals,
at Pinsaqui, this 1st day of January, 1864, 54th year of the Inde-
pendence.
(L.S.) A. GONZALES CARAZO.
(L.S.) J. JOSE FLORES.
3.1175 Prussian-Austrian Ultimatum
Alliance Members:Prussia and Austria-Hungary
Signed On:January 16, 1864, in the city of Bad Gastein (Austria). In
force until June 6, 1866, when Bismarck accused Austria of breaching
the Gastein Convention of 1865.
Alliance Type:Defense Pact (Type I)
Source:Founding of the German Empire by William I, Based Chiefly
upon Prussian State Documents,vol. 4, p. 210.
Additional Citations:Fleischer,Series 28, vol. 4.
SUMMARY
This agreement was a response to Denmark’s decision to incorporate
Schleswig with a new constitution for the territory in November of
1863, after the death of Frederick VII, who left no rightful heir to the
Schleswig territory. Troops from the German Confederation entered
Holstein, and Austria and Prussia responded with this ultimatum
demanding Danish release of the territories within forty-eight hours.
As expected, Denmark rebuffed the ultimatum, and Austrian and
Prussian troops invaded Schleswig, eventually taking Schleswig, Hol-
stein, and Lauenburg from the Danes, and confirmed the peace at
Vienna (October of 1864) that ended the Second Schleswig War.
The allies had pledged at Gastein that joint sovereignty would be
maintained and that Austria would administer Holstein while Prussia
had Schleswig. Co-management of the territories failed quickly after
Prussia balked as the Austrian governor of Holstein called the Holstein
Diet in 1866 to discuss plans for the duchy. The entry of Prussian
troops into the territory was one harbinger of the Seven Weeks War
with Austria.Description of Terms
Austria and Prussia will demand that Denmark repeal the con-
stitution of November 18, 1863, concerning Schleswig. If Den-
mark does not repeal the constitution within 48 hours, Austria
and Prussia will withdraw their ambassadors and Schleswig will
be occupied by Austrian and Prussian troops. If there are hostil-
ities in Schleswig, Austria and Prussia will jointly decide the
future of the dukedoms (Schleswig and Holstein), and the two
states will hold further consultations if necessary. In the case of
interference by other powers, Austria and Prussia will hold fur-
ther consultations.3.1176 Convention between France and Italy
for the Protection of the Pontificate Territory
by Italy and the Evacuation of Rome within
Five Years (September Convention)
Alliance Members:France and Italy
Signed On:September 15, 1864, in the city of Paris. In force until Sep-
tember 10, 1870, following Napoleon’s defeat at the Battle of Sedan
and the overthrow of France’s Second Empire.
Alliance Type:Non-aggression Pact (Type II)
Source: British Foreign and State Papers, vol. 55, p. 461.SUMMARY
French troops had occupied Rome for some time, and with this treaty,
Napoleon III finally agreed to evacuate the city in exchange for an Ital-
ian promise to move Italy’s capital from Turin to Florence. Napoleon
believed this to be a renunciation of Rome. Protests in the Piedmont
region (surrounding Turin) did not prevent the treaty from being
approved by the Italian parliament.
The non-aggression pact held while French troops withdrew, with the
last of the troops leaving Rome at the end of 1866. However, Napoleon
landed a separate French force the following year in response to
Giuseppe Garibaldi’s defeat of the papal army. French troops occupied
Rome until their final withdrawal in September of 1870.Description of Terms
Italy promises not to attack the territory of the pope and to pre-
vent anyone else from doing so. France will pull its troops back
from the territory of the pope gradually within two years, until
the papacy organizes its army. Italy will not lay claim to any part
of the organization of the army of the pope, even if the army is
composed of foreign Catholics, although the army must not be
powerful enough to attack Italy. Italy pledges to assume a pro-
portional part of the debt of the ancient states of the church.