Treaty between the Socialist Republic of Romania and the German Democratic Republicfields; would exchange experience in industry, agriculture, irri-
gation, water conservation, and the utilization of oil and other
natural resources, “as well as in the training of national cadres”;
and would expand trade and shipping between the two coun-
tries “on the basis of the principles of equality, mutual benefit
and most-favoured-nation treatment.”
Article 6. The two countries would develop mutual contacts
in the fields of science, art, literature, education, public health,
the press, radio, cinematography, television, tourism, sport, etc.
Article 7. Iraq and the USSR would consult each other regu-
larly on all important international questions affecting the
interests of the two countries, as well as on questions concern-
ing the further development of bilateral relations.
Article 8. “In the event of situations developing which
threaten the peace of either of the sides or create a threat to
peace or the danger of a violation of peace,” Iraq and the USSR
would “immediately contact each other with the aim of co-
ordinating their positions in the interests of removing the threat
or restoring peace.”
Article 9. “In the interests of the security of both countries
the High Contracting Parties will continue to develop co-opera-
tion in the strengthening of their defence capabilities.”
Article 10. “Each of the High Contracting Parties declares
that it will not enter into alliances or take part in any groupings
of States or in actions or undertakings directed against the
other High Contracting Party.
“Each of the High Contracting Parties undertakes not to
permit the use of its territory for any act capable of doing mili-
tary harm to the other side.”
Article 11. The two countries declared that their commit-
ments under existing international treaties were not in contra-
diction to the provisions of the present treaty, and undertook
not to conclude any international agreements incompatible
with it.
Article 12. The treaty was concluded for a period of 15 years
and would be automatically prolonged for subsequent periods
of five years unless one of the parties expressed its desire to ter-
minate the treaty by notifying the other party 12 months before
its expiration.
Article 13. Any differences that might arise between the par-
ties concerning the interpretation of provisions of the treaty
would be “resolved bilaterally in the spirit of friendship, mutual
respect and understanding.”
Article 14. The treaty would enter into force on the exchange
of ratification instruments, which would be effected in Moscow
“in the shortest possible period of time.”
4.1397 Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and
Mutual Assistance between the Socialist
Republic of Romania and the German Demo-
cratic Republic
Alliance Members:Romania and the German Democratic Republic
Signed On:May 12, 1972, in the city of Bucharest (Romania). In force
until November 7, 1989.
Alliance Type:Defense Pact (Type I)
Source:United Nations Treaty,no. 12134.SUMMARY
In 1972, President Erich Honecker of the German Democratic Repub-
lic (East Germany) and President Nicolae Ceausescu of Romania
signed a treaty of friendship, cooperation, and mutual assistance. As
with most of the bilateral Eastern European treaties of the cold war,
the clauses of the agreement reaffirmed ideas set forth in the Warsaw
Pact and guaranteed military and economic cooperation. In the years
following the signing, East Germany became Romania’s second largest
trading partner—second only to the Soviet Union.
The treaty ended in 1989 with the resignation of the East German
communist government. The Romanian government fell one month
later, and President Ceausescu and his wife were executed, having
inspired deep antipathy among the Romanian public.Alliance Text
The Socialist Republic of Romania and the German Democratic
Republic,
Firmly resolved to develop and strengthen the ties of frater-
nal friendship, all-round co-operation and mutual assistance
between the two States,
Profoundly convinced that the development of those ties is
in accord with the vital interests of the peoples of the two coun-
tries and contributes to the strengthening of the unity and
cohesion of the socialist States,
Recognizing that internationalist solidarity among the
socialist States is based on a common social system and com-
mon basic aims and aspirations and on the common interests of
the struggle against imperialism and reaction,
Expressing the firm desire to contribute to the strengthening
of peace and security in Europe and throughout the world, to
develop co-operation with European and other States irrespec-
tive of their social systems, on the basis of the rules and princi-
ples of international law, and to oppose imperialism, revan-
chism and militarism,
Resolved to act in accordance with the provisions of the
Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assis-
tance of 14 May 1955, during the period of validity of that
Treaty, which was concluded in response to the threat from the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
Convinced that the German Democratic Republic, a Socialist
and sovereign State, is an important actor for the achievement
of European security and that its policy of peace and its partici-
pation in international life on a footing of equality is of